Comparative In Vitro Study: Examining 635 nm Laser and 265 nm Ultraviolet Interaction with Blood.

Objective: This study represents a viable assessment of the effect of the low-level laser (LLL) of 635 nm and ultraviolet (UV) of 265 nm on biophysical properties of blood. Materials and methods: Blood samples were divided into two main groups: one for irradiation by LLL and the other for irradiation by UV. Each group was divided into three aliquots. First aliquot: whole blood was exposed to radiation. The second aliquot: erythrocytes were exposed to radiation and resuspended in autologous plasma. The third aliquot: plasma was exposed to radiation, and erythrocytes were resuspended in it. The following parameters were measured after irradiation by LLL and UV for all aliquots: whole blood viscosity, microscopic aggregation index, deformation index, and Zeta potential. Results: A decrease in whole blood viscosity due to irradiation by LLL was observed. To the contrary, an increase in whole blood viscosity due to irradiation by UV was detected. A significant reduction in erythrocytes' aggregation was observed as a result of LLL and UV radiation. Erythrocytes' deformability was strongly affected by UV radiation, while there was no significant effect from LLL. Another noticeable change observed was an increase in Zeta potential due to UV and a decrease in Zeta potential values, as a result of LLL irradiation. Conclusions: It can be concluded from this study that LLL and UV can be used to change some biological processes, as well as cellular properties.

[The influence of optical radiation of the blue range on the blood rheological properties in the patients presenting with infectious-allergic myocarditis]. / Vliianie opticheskogo izlucheniia sinego diapazona na reologicheskie svoistva krovi u bol'nykh infektsionno-allergicheskim miokarditom.

INTRODUCTION: Myocarditis is one of the most urgent and in many respects unresolved problems in cardiology. The situation is further aggravated by the ever increasing incidence of the of disease. The lack of knowledge about myocarditis etiology and pathogenesis creates a number of difficulties for the choice of the adequate treatment strategies. AIM: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of quantum photohemotherapy (PHT) with the use of a blue light in the combined treatment of infectious-allergic myocarditis (IAM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined a total of 28 patients including 12 women and 16 men at the age from 16 to 45 years suffering from IAM. The diagnosis of IAM was confirmed clinically, biochemically, and functionally with the application of the blood tests, chest X-ray examination, echo- and electro-cardiography. We used the classification of N.R. Paleev and M.A. Gurevich for myocarditis diagnostics. The diagnosis of ischemic heart disease was excluded according to the WHO criteria. The degree of heart failure in the patients was assessed based on the NYHA classification criteria. All the patients were given therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, metabolic drugs, anti-arrhythmics, diuretics, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. In addition, the generally accepted methods for the characteristic of blood rheological properties were employed. Moreover, the universally recognized rehabilitative and therapeutic measures were supplemented by blue light PHT using an AFS-Solaris light-emitting diode for intravascular irradiation of blood through the disposable light guides. RESULTS: The study has demonstrated that IAM was accompanied by a number of hemorheological disorders that collectively make up a component of pathogenesis of the condition in question. The application of blue light PHT for the combined treatment of the patients with IAM led to the improvement in their rheological status and peripheral blood characteristics. CONCLUSION: Various hemorheological disorders were diagnosed in the patients suffering from infectious-allergic myocarditis. The main effect of blood viscosity reduction documented in the patients with IAM under the influence of blue light PHT was attributable to the reduction in hematocrit decreasing and suppression of the erythrocytes aggregation activity.

Short Communication: Rheological properties of blood serum of rats after irradiation with different gamma radiation doses in vivo.

The blood serum rheological properties open the door to find suitable radio-protectors and convenient therapy for many cases of radiation exposure. The present study aimed to investigate the rheological properties of rat blood serum at wide range of shear rates after whole body irradiation with different gamma radiation doses in vivo. Healthy male rats were divided into five groups; one control group and 4 irradiated groups. The irradiation process was carried out using Co60 source with dose rate of 0.883cG/sec. Several rheological parameters were measured using Brookfield LVDV-III Programmable rheometer. A significant increase in viscosity and shear stress was observed with 25 and 50Gy corresponding to each shear rate compared with the control; while a significant decrease observed with 75 and 100Gy. The viscosity exhibited a Non-Newtonian behaviour with the shear rate while shear stress values were linearly related with shear rate. The decrease in blood viscosity might be attributed to changes in molecular weight, pH sensitivity and protein structure. The changes in rheological properties of irradiated rats' blood serum might be attributed to destruction changes in the haematological and dimensional properties of rats' blood products.

The effects of irradiation on the blood dynamics.

AIM: The present study evaluates the effects of irradiation on the blood dynamics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six volunteers providing written consent participated. A blood sample was transferred into three tubes containing CPDA-1 solution while another blood sample was transferred into three tubes containing heparin. Each tube containing CPDA-1 solution was paired with another tube containing heparin. The first pair was not irradiated, not stored and analyzed immediately (Group 1). The second pair was not irradiated, stored and analyzed at seven days (Group 2). The third pair was irradiated, stored and analyzed at seven days (Group 3). The blood count was performed and the blood viscosity was determined. RESULTS: The mean hemoglobin contents were 126 g/l for Group 1, 128 g/l for Group 2 and 129 g/l for Group 3. For the mean hemoglobin contents, the difference between Group 1 and Group 3 (P<0.001) and Group 2 and Group 3 (P=0.01) were significant. The mean red blood cell volumes were 81.8 fl for Group 1, 82.1 fl for Group 2 and 82.3 fl for Group 3. For the mean red blood cell volumes, the difference between Group 1 and Group 2 (P=0.003) and Group 1 and Group 3 (P=0.006) were significant. The mean blood viscosities were 2.2 mPa s for Group 1, 2.8 mPa s for Group 2 and 3.2 mPa s for Group 3. For the mean blood viscosities, the difference between Group 1 and Group 2 (P<0.001), Group 1 and Group 3 (P<0.001) and Group 2 and Group 3 (P=0.004) were significant. CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that the recommended doses of irradiation for the blood products to be used in attempt to prevent the transfusion associated graft versus host disease leads to marked alterations in the blood dynamics and might decrease the viability of the red blood cells following transfusion.

Use of terahertz electromagnetic radiation for correction of blood rheology parameters in patients with unstable angina under conditions of treatment with isoket, an NO donor.

The effect of terahertz electromagnetic radiation at the emission and absorption frequencies of NO molecular spectrum on blood rheology were studied in vitro in patients with unstable angina treated with isoket (NO donor). Irradiated NO donor isoket produced better normalizing effect on blood viscosity and erythrocyte deformability in patients with unstable angina.

[Restoration of blood rheological properties by means of SWF-irradiation at the frequency of nitric oxide molecular spectrum (in vivo)]. / Vosstanovlenie reologicheskikh svoistv krovi KVCH-oblucheniem na chastote molekuliarnogo spektra oksida azota ( in vivo).

We have investigated impact of electromagnetic SWF-oscillations at nitric oxide molecular spectrum of radiation and absorption (MSRA) on rheological blood properties of albino rats under the immobilizing stress. The SWF-irradiation was demonstrated to foster restoration of disordered rheological blood properties, its efficiency depending on the period of irradiation.

In vitro effects of helium-neon laser irradiation on human blood: blood viscosity and deformability of erythrocytes.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of He-Ne laser irradiation on some rheological factors of human blood, such as blood viscosity, erythrocyte deformability, and sedimentation rate. BACKGROUND DATA: The intravascular irradiation of low power laser has been applied in pre-clinical and clinical to treat various pathological processes. However, the mechanism is not fully understood so far. Especially the interaction and related mechanism between the laser and blood are unclear. In this work, by measuring the change of the main rheological factors after laser irradiation, the interaction and mechanism were explored. METHODS: A30-mW He-Ne laser was used for irradiation with a 4-5-mm-diameter beam spot on blood samples, with a fluence rate of about 150 mW/cm.(2) The irradiation time was 60 min, so the total dose of irradiation was 540 J/cm.(2) The pathological samples of blood were obtained from patients (volunteers), and each sample was divided into two tubes for irradiation and control. The blood viscosity, erythrocyte deformability, and sedimentation rate were measured after laser irradiation and compared with un-irradiated control. The blood samples with poor erythrocyte deformability were prepared by adding Ca(2+) to the normal erythrocytes of a healthy person for investigating the laser effect on erythrocyte deformability further. RESULTS: Laser irradiation reduced the erythrocyte sedimentation rate of blood samples, which had a hyper-sedimentation rate originally. The blood viscosity of samples in hyper-values was lowered by laser irradiation in all shear rates measured (10-110 S(-1)), with a relative variation of approximately 10%. The deformability of erythrocytes from pathological samples and Ca(2+)-treated samples was improved after laser irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: The positive effects of laser irradiation on improving the rheological properties of blood were demonstrated in vitro.

Relative variation to received dose of some erythrocytic and leukocytic indices of human blood as a result of low-level laser radiation: an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the in vitro effects of low-level laser radiation (LLLR) on selected rheologic constants of the human blood. The variations of CBC parameters to the received dose were determined, as well as of blood viscosity (an erythrocyte aggregation index), as a research method for some structural alteration of blood proteins. This was also confirmed by the electrophoretic study of plasma proteins from the irradiated blood. METHODS: Fresh blood samples (whole blood) from 16 adult regular blood donors were irradiated with a He-Ne laser (lambda = 632.8 nm; power output = 6 mW; mean irradiance on blood samples approximately 180 mW.cm-2; beam spot diameter approximately 2 mm), operating in continuous wave. Doses ranged between 0 (control sample) and 9.346 J.cm-3.EDTA (for CBC and viscosity measurements) or citrate (for electrophoresis) anticoagulant was used. Measurements were performed before (control samples) and after irradiation. In most of the cases, the measurements were made immediately after irradiation. In some cases, the measurements were made after 24 or 48 h after irradiation, respectively, to conclude whether the modifications caused from irradiation occur in time, or immediately after irradiation. RESULTS: Following irradiation, marked variations of some erythrocyte and leukocyte indices and changes of the erythrocyte aggregation (viscosity), as a function of received dose, were observed. Significant differences between control and irradiated blood samples were found for the following rheologic factors: RBC (in 22.2% of cases); HGB (26.8%); HCT (82.4%); MONO and GRAN (36.7%); viscosity (82.5%). From the plasma proteins: albumin (22.2%); alpha 1 globulin and gamma globulin (18.5%); fibrinogen (70.4%). In most of the cases, remarkable effects (maxima) were noticed around 1.2 J.cm-3 dose value. We consider this dose value as optimal, one that can lead to beneficial effects. The cell membrane integrity was not affected from irradiation, for doses between 0 and 9.346 J.cm-3, and will probably not even be affected at higher doses (see MCV and MCHC behavior). CONCLUSIONS: The effect of LLLR on red blood cells confirms the nonresonant mechanism of this biostimulating effect, by the changes occurring in the cell membrane (in our case, blood cells), by revitalizing of red blood cell functional capacities and by several biochemical effects at the membrane's level. These are to be studied thoroughly in future studies. The physical-biochemical and biological effects caused by LLLR on blood can influence the physical-chemical parameters needed for the long-term storage of blood products. These effects can also lead to a quicker revitalization of the erythrocyte membrane (which was subjected to the action of some physical and biochemical factors during the preservation process), to perform its oxyphoric function in transfusion procedures.

[The effect of ionizing radiation in a wide dosage range on the structural-functional characteristics of the protein and lipid components of erythrocyte plasma membranes]. / Vliianie ioniziruiushchego izlucheniia v shirokom dozovom diapazone na strukturno-funktsional'nye kharakteristiki belkovoi i lipidnoi komponent plazmaticheskikh membran éritrotsitov.

The erythrocyte ghosts were irradiated with doses of 4 x 10(-3) Gy-10(3) Gy. Changes in the membrane lipid microviscosity, membrane proteins' structural mobility, membrane surface potential and intensity of the lipid peroxidation processes were determined. It has been established that the features of membrane structural changes are characterised, by polyphase changes of examined parameters.

[The effect of different methods of photohemotherapy on the rheological properties of the blood in patients with ischemic heart disease]. / Vliianie raznykh metodov fotogemoterapii na reologicheskie svoistva krovi u bol'nykh s ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa.

The authors made an analysis of results of examination of 41 patients with ischemic heart disease treated by the standard medicamentous therapy and when using different methods of photohemotherapy against its background. It was established that medicamentous therapy during 2 weeks failed to result in a substantial improvement of rheological properties of blood, while its combination with photohemotherapy could give a considerable positive effect coinciding with clinical improvement of the patient's state. Shorter terms are required to correct hemorheological indices when autotransfusions of photomodified blood are used.

[The effect of plasmapheresis and laser irradiation of the blood on the hemorheological and hemodynamic indices in hypertension patients]. / Vliianie plazmafereza i lazernogo oblucheniia krovi na gemoreologicheskie i gemodinamicheskie pokazateli u bol'nykh gipertonicheskoi bolezn'iu.

Results are submitted of investigation designed to study effects of a combined use of plasmapheresis and laser irradiation of blood on hemorheologic and hemodynamic characteristics in 36 patients with stage II hypertensive disease. The course exposure of patients to a combined use of plasmapheresis and laser irradiation of blood led to a drop of arterial pressure in different hemodynamic groups at the expense of different parameters characterising the hemodynamic status. Thus combined use of plasmapheresis and laser irradiation of blood can be considered a promising nonmedicamentous therapeutic alternative in patients with hypertensive disease being associated with a drop of arterial blood pressure, and what is more, improvement in viscous- and elastic properties of blood as well as its hemodynamic indices.

[Clinical implications of high blood viscosity and its reduction bu photo-hemotherapy]. / Klinicheskoe znachenie vysokoí viazkosti krovi i vozmozhnosti ee snizheniia metodami fotogemoterapii.

The paper is concerned with an essential blood characteristic--viscosity which is considered in relation of mechanisms responsible for its normal and abnormal characteristics, its role in the onset of circulatory disorders. High blood viscosity may contribute to development of vascular disturbances. Efficient methods of normalizing high blood viscosity are analyzed with special emphasis on photochemotherapy. Effects of ultraviolet, blue and red laser radiation on blood viscosity are outlined.

[Experience in the use of autotransfusions of laser-irradiated blood in treating hypertension patients]. / Opyt primeneniia autotransfuzii obluchennoi lazerom krovi v lechenii bol'nykh gipertonicheskoi bolezn'iu.

Autotransfusion of laser light-irradiated blood (5-7 sessions) was found to facilitate a steady arterial blood pressure fall by an average 24% of the initial level in patients with hypertensive disease. Drop in the arterial blood pressure following the course of autotransfusion of laser light-irradiated blood was accompanied by improvement in general condition of the patients, enhancement of the effectiveness of antihypertensive preparations, favourable shifts in immunological and haemorheological indices. After discharge from hospital beneficial clinical effect persisted for up to 4-8 months. The preliminary data obtained suggest that autotransfusion of laser light-irradiated blood may well be used as adjunct to a complex of therapeutic measures to be taken to control hypertensive disease.