Microstructures and mechanical properties of Co-29Cr-6Mo alloy fabricated by selective laser melting process for dental applications.

The selective laser melting (SLM) process was applied to a Co-29Cr-6Mo alloy, and its microstructure, mechanical properties, and metal elution were investigated to determine whether the fabrication process is suitable for dental applications. The microstructure was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersed X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and electron back-scattered diffraction pattern analysis. The mechanical properties were evaluated using a tensile test. Dense builds were obtained when the input energy of the laser scan was higher than 400 J mm⁻³, whereas porous builds were formed when the input energy was lower than 150 J mm⁻³. The microstructure obtained was unique with fine cellular dendrites in the elongated grains parallel to the building direction. The γ phase was dominant in the build and its preferential <001> orientation was confirmed along the building direction, which was clearly observed for the builds fabricated at lower input energy. Although the mechanical anisotropy was confirmed in the SLM builds due to the unique microstructure, the yield strength, UTS, and elongation were higher than those of the as-cast alloy and satisfied the type 5 criteria in ISO22764. Metal elution from the SLM build was smaller than that of the as-cast alloy, and thus, the SLM process for the Co-29Cr-6Mo alloy is a promising candidate for fabricating dental devices.

Nanoarchitectured Co-Cr-Mo orthopedic implant alloys: nitrogen-enhanced nanostructural evolution and its effect on phase stability.

Our previous studies indicate that nitrogen addition suppresses the athermal γ (face-centered cubic, fcc)→ε (hexagonal close-packed, hcp) martensitic transformation of biomedical Co-Cr-Mo alloys and ultimately offers large elongation to failure while maintaining high strength. In the present study, structural evolution and dislocation slip as an elementary process in the martensitic transformation in Co-Cr-Mo alloys were investigated to reveal the origin of their enhanced γ phase stability due to nitrogen addition. Alloy specimens with and without nitrogen addition were prepared. The N-doped alloys had a single-phase γ matrix, whereas the N-free alloys had a γ/ε duplex microstructure. Irrespective of the nitrogen content, dislocations frequently dissociated into Shockley partial dislocations with stacking faults. This indicates that nitrogen has little effect on the stability of the γ phase, which is also predicted by thermodynamic calculations. We discovered short-range ordering (SRO) or nanoscale Cr2N precipitates in the γ matrix of the N-containing alloy specimens, and it was revealed that both SRO and nanoprecipitates function as obstacles to the glide of partial dislocations and consequently significantly affect the kinetics of the γ→ε martensitic transformation. Since the formation of ε martensite plays a crucial role in plastic deformation and wear behavior, the developed nanostructural modification associated with nitrogen addition must be a promising strategy for highly durable orthopedic implants.