Polygalacturonase treatment affects carotenoid absorption from veggie juice.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of polygalacturonase (PG) treatment on carotenoid absorption upon digestion of HPH-treated combined peach and carrot juice (CJ) with or without the presence of lipids. Results showed that PG treatment reduced median particle diameter (D50) and viscosity of CJ, and increased total carotenoid bioaccessibility by 41%. In the presence of emulsion, the bioaccessibility of carotenoids was higher and it was not significantly affected by PG treatment. Xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) had higher bioaccessibility than the more lipophilic carotenes (ß-carotene and α-carotene); also, uptake in Caco-2 cells and transport of lutein and zeaxanthin were higher than for ß-carotene and α-carotene. Individual carotenoids bioaccessibility was negatively correlated with their transport. All together data showed digestion and absorption processes were two independent processes: factors improving carotenoid bioaccessibility did not necessarily affect their bioavailability.

Identification of Kukoamine A, Zeaxanthin, and Clexane as New Furin Inhibitors.

The endogenous protease furin is a key protein in many different diseases, such as cancer and infections. For this reason, a wide range of studies has focused on targeting furin from a therapeutic point of view. Our main objective consisted of identifying new compounds that could enlarge the furin inhibitor arsenal; secondarily, we assayed their adjuvant effect in combination with a known furin inhibitor, CMK, which avoids the SARS-CoV-2 S protein cleavage by means of that inhibition. Virtual screening was carried out to identify potential furin inhibitors. The inhibition of physiological and purified recombinant furin by screening selected compounds, Clexane, and these drugs in combination with CMK was assayed in fluorogenic tests by using a specific furin substrate. The effects of the selected inhibitors from virtual screening on cell viability (293T HEK cell line) were assayed by means of flow cytometry. Through virtual screening, Zeaxanthin and Kukoamine A were selected as the main potential furin inhibitors. In fluorogenic assays, these two compounds and Clexane inhibited both physiological and recombinant furin in a dose-dependent way. In addition, these compounds increased physiological furin inhibition by CMK, showing an adjuvant effect. In conclusion, we identified Kukoamine A, Zeaxanthin, and Clexane as new furin inhibitors. In addition, these drugs were able to increase furin inhibition by CMK, so they could also increase its efficiency when avoiding S protein proteolysis, which is essential for SARS-CoV-2 cell infection.

Biochemical and Immunological implications of Lutein and Zeaxanthin.

Throughout history, nature has been acknowledged for being a primordial source of various bioactive molecules in which human macular carotenoids are gaining significant attention. Among 750 natural carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin and their oxidative metabolites are selectively accumulated in the macular region of living beings. Due to their vast applications in food, feed, pharmaceutical and nutraceuticals industries, the global market of lutein and zeaxanthin is continuously expanding but chemical synthesis, extraction and purification of these compounds from their natural repertoire e.g., plants, is somewhat costly and technically challenging. In this regard microbial as well as microalgal carotenoids are considered as an attractive alternative to aforementioned challenges. Through the techniques of genetic engineering and gene-editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9, the overproduction of lutein and zeaxanthin in microorganisms can be achieved but the commercial scale applications of such procedures needs to be done. Moreover, these carotenoids are highly unstable and susceptible to thermal and oxidative degradation. Therefore, esterification of these xanthophylls and microencapsulation with appropriate wall materials can increase their shelf-life and enhance their application in food industry. With their potent antioxidant activities, these carotenoids are emerging as molecules of vital importance in chronic degenerative, malignancies and antiviral diseases. Therefore, more research needs to be done to further expand the applications of lutein and zeaxanthin.

Protective Effect of Lutein/Zeaxanthin Isomers in Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice.

Previous studies revealed that oxidative stress and inflammation are the main contributors to secondary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In an earlier study, we reported that lutein/zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi) exert antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects by activating the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways. However, its precise role and underlying mechanisms were largely unknown after TBI. This study was conducted to investigate the potential mechanism of L/Zi isomers in a TBI model induced by a cold injury model in mice. To investigate the effects of L/Zi, male C57BL/6j mice-induced brain injury using the cold trauma model was allocated into two groups (n = 7): (i) TBI + vehicle group and (ii) TBI + L/Zi group (20 mg/kg BW). Brain samples were collected 24 h later for analyses. L/Zi given immediately after the injury decreased infarct volume and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability; L/Zi treatment also significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin1 beta (IL-1ß), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and NF-κB levels and increased growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Nrf2 levels compared with vehicle control. These data suggest that L/Zi improves mitochondrial function in TBI models, possibly decreasing inflammation and activating the Nrf2 pathway.

Validation of a multi-analyte HPLC method for the determination of carotenoids used as feed additives in fish and poultry feed: results of an interlaboratory study.

The performance characteristics of a multi-analyte method for the determination of all 10 carotenoids authorised as feed additives within the EU were assessed via an interlaboratory study. The analytical method is based on reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled to an optical detector set at 410 nm. The analysis is particularly challenging due to the presence of various stereoisomers of each carotenoid, and the use of these compounds via natural or synthetic formulations, requiring a special sample preparation. EU regulations specifying the conditions of use set legal limits for these substances in compound feedingstuffs ranging from 6 mg kg-1 to 138 mg kg-1, depending on the individual carotenoid and the target animal for which the feed is supplemented with this carotenoid. The purpose of the multi-analyte method validated in this paper is to facilitate the monitoring of carotenoids at relevant levels when used as feed additives in compound feedingstuffs and pre-mixtures. The interlaboratory study delivered precision data for 43 different analyte/mass fraction/matrix combinations, covering a mass fraction range of the target analytes from 2.6 mg kg-1 to 3861 mg kg-1. The relative standard deviations for repeatability (RSDr) varied from 2.2 to 16.2 % with a mean value of 6 %, while the relative standard deviations for reproducibility (RSDR) varied from 6.8 to 39 % with a mean value of 21 %. Given the broad scope of the method covering 10 carotenoids added to compound feedingstuffs and pre-mixtures via different formulations, this multi-analyte method is considered fit for the intended purpose.

Recovery and recycling of solvent of counter-current chromatography: The sample of isolation of zeaxanthin in the Lycium barbarum L. fruits.

An efficient method of recovering and recycling solvent for counter-current chromatography was established by which zeaxanthin was separated from Lycium barbarum L. fruits. A column with activated carbon combined with high performance counter-current chromatography formed the recovering and recycling solvent system. Using the solvent system of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-ethanol-water (8:2:7:3, v/v) from the references, five injections were performed with an almost unchanged purity of zeaxanthin (80.9, 81.2, 81.5, 81.3, and 80.2% respectively) in counter-current chromatography separation. Meanwhile, the mobile phase reduced by half than conventional counter-current chromatography. By this present method, an effective improvement of counter-current chromatography solvent utilization was achieved.

Formation of a novel coating material containing lutein and zeaxanthin via a Maillard reaction between bovine serum albumin and fucoidan.

The effective delivery of bioactive compounds has recently been receiving attention. In this study, a conjugate with BSA and fucoidan synthesized via the Maillard reaction was confirmed through electrophoresis, the o-phthalaldehyde assay, and through changes in absorbance. Two moles of fucoidan were glycated with one mole of BSA at 60 °C and 79% relative humidity for 4 days. The droplet coated with B-F conjugate remained stable during storage at 4 and 25 °C and slightly increased only at 55 °C however, the droplet coated with intact BSA and B/F mixture significantly increased. L/Z were degraded about 82, 79, and 36% for 4, 25, and 55 °C, respectively, regardless of the type of emulsifier. Although the conjugates could not prevent the degradation of lutein and zeaxanthin during storage, they improved the stability of the emulsion and showed 4.20-fold and 1.32-fold higher bioaccessibility than intact BSA and B/F mixtures, respectively.

Zeaxanthin, a Molecule for Photoprotection in Many Different Environments.

Conversion of sunlight into photochemistry depends on photoprotective processes that allow safe use of sunlight over a broad range of environmental conditions. This review focuses on the ubiquity of photoprotection associated with a group of interconvertible leaf carotenoids, the xanthophyll cycle. We survey the striking plasticity of this process observed in nature with respect to (1) xanthophyll cycle pool size, (2) degree and speed of interconversion of its components, and (3) flexibility in the association between xanthophyll cycle conversion state and photoprotective dissipation of excess excitation energy. It is concluded that the components of this system can be independently tuned with a high degree of flexibility to produce a fit for different environments with various combinations of light, temperature, and other factors. In addition, the role of genetic variation is apparent from variation in the response of different species growing side-by-side in the same environment. These findings illustrate how field studies can generate insight into the adjustable levers that allow xanthophyll cycle-associated photoprotection to support plant photosynthetic productivity and survival in environments with unique combinations of environmental factors.

The human mitochondrial enzyme BCO2 exhibits catalytic activity toward carotenoids and apocarotenoids.

The enzyme ß-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) converts carotenoids into more polar metabolites. Studies in mammals, fish, and birds revealed that BCO2 controls carotenoid homeostasis and is involved in the pathway for vitamin A production. However, it is controversial whether BCO2 function is conserved in humans, because of a 4-amino acid long insertion caused by a splice acceptor site polymorphism. We here show that human BCO2 splice variants, BCO2a and BCO2b, are expressed as pre-proteins with mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS). The MTS of BCO2a directed a green fluorescent reporter protein to the mitochondria when expressed in ARPE-19 cells. Removal of the MTS increased solubility of BCO2a when expressed in Escherichia coli and rendered the recombinant protein enzymatically active. The expression of the enzymatically active recombinant human BCO2a was further improved by codon optimization and its fusion with maltose-binding protein. Introduction of the 4-amino acid insertion into mouse Bco2 did not impede the chimeric enzyme's catalytic proficiency. We further showed that the chimeric BCO2 displayed broad substrate specificity and converted carotenoids into two ionones and a central C14-apocarotendial by oxidative cleavage reactions at C9,C10 and C9',C10'. Thus, our study demonstrates that human BCO2 is a catalytically competent enzyme. Consequently, information on BCO2 becomes broadly applicable in human biology with important implications for the physiology of the eyes and other tissues.

The energy transfer model of nonphotochemical quenching: Lessons from the minor CP29 antenna complex of plants.

Antenna complexes in photosystems of plants and green algae are able to switch between a light-harvesting unquenched conformation and a quenched conformation so to avoid photodamage. When the switch is activated, nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) mechanisms take place for an efficient deactivation of excess excitation energy. The molecular details of these mechanisms have not been fully clarified but different hypotheses have been proposed. Among them, a popular one involves excitation energy transfer (EET) from the singlet excited Chls to the lowest singlet state (S1) of carotenoids. In this work, we combine such model with µs-long molecular dynamics simulations of the CP29 minor antenna complex to investigate how conformational fluctuations affect the electronic couplings and the final EET quenching. The computational framework is applied to both CP29 embedding violaxanthin and zeaxantin in its L2 site. Our results demonstrate that the EET model is rather insensitive to physically reasonable variations in single chlorophyll-carotenoid couplings, and that very large conformational changes would be needed to see the large variation of the complex lifetime expected in the switch from light-harvesting to quenched state. We show, however, that a major role in regulating the EET quenching is played by the S1 energy of the carotenoid, in line with very recent spectroscopy experiments.

Why is Zeaxanthin the Most Concentrated Xanthophyll in the Central Fovea?

Diet-based xanthophylls (zeaxanthin and lutein) are conditionally essential polar carotenoids preferentially accreted in high concentrations (1 mM) to the central retina, where they have the capacity to impart unique physiologically significant biophysical biochemical properties implicated in cell function, rescue, and survival. Macular xanthophylls interact with membrane-bound proteins and lipids to absorb/attenuate light energy, modulate oxidative stress and redox balance, and influence signal transduction cascades implicated in the pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration. There is exclusive transport, sequestration, and appreciable bioamplification of macular xanthophylls from the circulating carotenoid pool to the retina and within the retina to regions required for high-resolution sensory processing. The distribution of diet-based macular xanthophylls and the lutein metabolite meso-zeaxanthin varies considerably by retinal eccentricity. Zeaxanthin concentrations are 2.5-fold higher than lutein in the cone-dense central fovea. This is an ~20-fold increase in the molar ratio relative to eccentric retinal regions with biochemically detectable macular xanthophylls. In this review, we discuss how the differences in the specific properties of lutein and zeaxanthin could help explain the preferential accumulation of zeaxanthin in the most vulnerable region of the macula.

Carotenoids promote lateral packing and condensation of lipid membranes.

Carotenoids are pigment molecules that protect biomembranes against degradation and may be involved in the formation of functional bacterial membrane microdomains. Little is known on whether different types of carotenoids have different effects on the membrane or if there is any concentration dependence of these effects. In this work, we present results from molecular dynamics simulations of phospholipid bilayers containing different amounts of either ß-carotene or zeaxanthin. Both ß-carotene and zeaxanthin show the ability to laterally condense the membrane lipids and reduce their inter-leaflet interactions. With increasing concentrations, both carotenoids increase the bilayer thickness and rigidity. The results reveal that carotenoids have similar effects to cholesterol on regulating the behavior of fluid-phase membranes, suggesting that they could function as sterol substitutes and confirming their potential role in the formation of functional membrane domains.

On the PsbS-induced quenching in the plant major light-harvesting complex LHCII studied in proteoliposomes.

Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in photosynthetic organisms provides the necessary photoprotection that allows them to cope with largely and quickly varying light intensities. It involves deactivation of excited states mainly at the level of the antenna complexes of photosystem II using still largely unknown molecular mechanisms. In higher plants the main contribution to NPQ is the so-called qE-quenching, which can be switched on and off in a few seconds. This quenching mechanism is affected by the low pH-induced activation of the small membrane protein PsbS which interacts with the major light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHCII). We are reporting here on a mechanistic study of the PsbS-induced LHCII quenching using ultrafast time-resolved chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence. It is shown that the PsbS/LHCII interaction in reconstituted proteoliposomes induces highly effective and specific quenching of the LHCII excitation by a factor ≥ 20 via Chl-Chl charge-transfer (CT) state intermediates which are weakly fluorescent. Their characteristics are very broad fluorescence bands pronouncedly red-shifted from the typical unquenched LHCII fluorescence maximum. The observation of PsbS-induced Chl-Chl CT-state emission from LHCII in the reconstituted proteoliposomes is highly reminiscent of the in vivo quenching situation and also of LHCII quenching in vitro in aggregated LHCII, indicating a similar quenching mechanism in all those situations. The PsbS mutant lacking the two proton sensing Glu residues induced significant, but much smaller, quenching than wild type. Added zeaxanthin had only minor effects on the yield of quenching in the proteoliposomes. Overall our study shows that PsbS co-reconstituted with LHCII in liposomes represents an excellent in vitro model system with characteristics that are reflecting closely the in vivo qE-quenching situation.

Effects of Curcumin on Lipid Membranes: an EPR Spin-label Study.

Curcumin is a yellow-orange dye widely used as a spice, food coloring and food preservative. It also exhibits a broad range of therapeutic effects against different disorders such as cancer, diabetes, or neurodegenerative diseases. As a compound insoluble in water curcumin accumulates in cell membranes and due to this location it may indirectly lead to the observed effects by structurally altering the membrane environment. To exert strong structural effects on membrane curcumin needs to adopt a transbilayer orientation. However, there is no agreement in literature as to curcumin's orientation and its structural effects on membranes. Here, we investigated the effects of curcumin on lipid order, lipid phase transition, and local polarity in a model liposome membranes made of DMPC or DSPC using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin labeling technique. Curcumin affected lipid order at different depths within the membrane: it slightly increased the phospholipid polar headgroup mobility as monitored by spectral parameters of T-PC, while along the acyl chain the ordering effect was observed in terms of order parameter S. Also, rotational correlation times τ2B and τ2C of 16-PC in the membrane center were increased by curcumin. Polarity measurements performed in frozen suspensions of liposomes revealed enhancement of water penetration by curcumin in the membrane center (16-PC) and in the polar headgroup region (T-PC) while the intermediate positions along the acyl chain (5-PC and 10-PC) were not significantly affected. Curcumin at a lower concentration (5 mol%) shifted the temperature of the DMPC main phase transition to lower values and increased the transition width, and at a higher concentration (10 mol%) abolished the transition completely. The observed effects suggest that curcumin adopts a transbilayer orientation within the membrane and most probably form oligomers of two molecules, each of them spanning the opposite bilayer leaflets. The effects are also discussed in terms of curcumin's protective activity and compared with those imposed on membranes by other natural dyes known for their protective role, namely polar carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin.

Zeaxanthin in Soybean Oil: Impact of Oxidative Stability, Degradation Pattern, and Product Analysis.

In this study, the antioxidant capacity and oxidative stability of zeaxanthin with different concentrations in soybean oil were evaluated. The oxidative or isomerization products of zeaxanthin were monitored during oxidation for 12 h at 110 °C. It was found that the ability to scavenge the free radicals (DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS) was dependent upon the concentration of zeaxanthin. However, antioxidation of zeaxanthin was observed when the concentration was less than 50 µg/g. When the concentration exceeded 50 µg/g, zeaxanthin acted as a pro-oxidant. There were three kinds of non-volatile products of zeaxanthin that were detected: (a) Z-violaxanthin, (b) 9-Z-zeaxanthin, and (c) 13-Z-zeaxanthin, and it was found that the content of 13-Z-zeaxanthin formed by isomerization was the highest. In addition, the linear ketone (6-methyl-3,5-heptadien-2-one) and cyclic volatile products (3-hydroxy-ß-cyclocitral, 3-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-7,8-dihydro-ß-ionone, and 3-hydroxy-ß-ionone) formed by in situ oxidative cleavage were identified.

Zeaxanthin independence of photophysics in light-harvesting complex II in a membrane environment.

Green plants protect against photodamage by dissipating excess energy in a process called non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). In vivo, NPQ is activated by a drop in the luminal pH of the thylakoid membrane that triggers conformational changes of the antenna complexes, which activate quenching channels. The drop in pH also triggers de-epoxidation of violaxanthin, one of the carotenoids bound within the antenna complexes, into zeaxanthin, and so the amplitude of NPQ in vivo has been shown to increase in the presence of zeaxanthin. In vitro studies on light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), the major antenna complex in plants, compared different solubilization environments, which give rise to different levels of quenching and so partially mimic NPQ in vivo. However, in these studies both completely zeaxanthin-independent and zeaxanthin-dependent quenching have been reported, potentially due to the multiplicity of solubilization environments. Here, we characterize the zeaxanthin dependence of the photophysics in LHCII in a near-physiological membrane environment, which produces slightly enhanced quenching relative to detergent solubilization, the typical in vitro environment. The photophysical pathways of dark-adapted and in vitro de-epoxidized LHCIIs are compared, representative of the low-light and high-light conditions in vivo, respectively. The amplitude of quenching as well as the dissipative photophysics are unaffected by zeaxanthin at the level of individual LHCIIs, suggesting that zeaxanthin-dependent quenching is independent of the channels induced by the membrane. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that additional factors beyond zeaxanthin incorporation in LHCII are required for full development of NPQ.

A novel method produces native light-harvesting complex II aggregates from the photosynthetic membrane revealing their role in nonphotochemical quenching.

Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) is a mechanism of regulating light harvesting that protects the photosynthetic apparatus from photodamage by dissipating excess absorbed excitation energy as heat. In higher plants, the major light-harvesting antenna complex (LHCII) of photosystem (PS) II is directly involved in NPQ. The aggregation of LHCII is proposed to be involved in quenching. However, the lack of success in isolating native LHCII aggregates has limited the direct interrogation of this process. The isolation of LHCII in its native state from thylakoid membranes has been problematic because of the use of detergent, which tends to dissociate loosely bound proteins, and the abundance of pigment-protein complexes (e.g. PSI and PSII) embedded in the photosynthetic membrane, which hinders the preparation of aggregated LHCII. Here, we used a novel purification method employing detergent and amphipols to entrap LHCII in its natural states. To enrich the photosynthetic membrane with the major LHCII, we used Arabidopsis thaliana plants lacking the PSII minor antenna complexes (NoM), treated with lincomycin to inhibit the synthesis of PSI and PSII core proteins. Using sucrose density gradients, we succeeded in isolating the trimeric and aggregated forms of LHCII antenna. Violaxanthin- and zeaxanthin-enriched complexes were investigated in dark-adapted, NPQ, and dark recovery states. Zeaxanthin-enriched antenna complexes showed the greatest amount of aggregated LHCII. Notably, the amount of aggregated LHCII decreased upon relaxation of NPQ. Employing this novel preparative method, we obtained a direct evidence for the role of in vivo LHCII aggregation in NPQ.

The role of xanthophylls in the supramolecular organization of the photosynthetic complex LHCII in lipid membranes studied by high-resolution imaging and nanospectroscopy.

The xanthophyll cycle is a regulatory mechanism operating in the photosynthetic apparatus of plants. It consists of the conversion of the xanthophyll pigment violaxanthin to zeaxanthin, and vice versa, in response to light intensity. According to the current understanding, one of the modes of regulatory activity of the cycle is associated with the influence on a molecular organization of pigment-protein complexes. In the present work, we analyzed the effect of violaxanthin and zeaxanthin on the molecular organization of the LHCII complex, in the environment of membranes formed with chloroplast lipids. Nanoscale imaging based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that the presence of exogenous xanthophylls promotes the formation of the protein supramolecular structures. Nanoscale infrared (IR) absorption analysis based on AFM-IR nanospectroscopy suggests that zeaxanthin promotes the formation of LHCII supramolecular structures by forming inter-molecular ß-structures. Meanwhile, the molecules of violaxanthin act as "molecular spacers" preventing self-aggregation of the protein, potentially leading to uncontrolled dissipation of excitation energy in the complex. This latter mechanism was demonstrated with the application of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. The intensity-averaged chlorophyll a fluorescence lifetime determined in the LHCII samples without exogenous xanthophylls at the level of 0.72 ns was longer in the samples containing exogenous violaxanthin (2.14 ns), but shorter under the presence of zeaxanthin (0.49 ns) thus suggesting a role of this xanthophyll in promotion of the formation of structures characterized by effective excitation quenching. This mechanism can be considered as a representation of the overall photoprotective activity of the xanthophyll cycle.

Incorporation of zeaxanthin nanoparticles in yogurt: Influence on physicochemical properties, carotenoid stability and sensory analysis.

Zeaxanthin nanoparticles (Zea-NP) and zeaxanthin nanoemulsion (Zea-NE) were incorporated in yogurt. Control yogurt (CY), yogurt added of nanoparticles (Y-NP) and yogurt added of nanoemulsion (Y-NE) were evaluated weekly regarding pH, titratable acidity, color, textural parameters, viscosity and syneresis during 28 days. Zeaxanthin retention in Y-NP and Y-NE was also determined over storage. Sensory attributes and morphology were evaluated in all yogurt samples, and zeaxanthin bioaccessibility after in vitro digestion was analyzed in Y-NP and Y-NE after preparation. At the end of storage time, zeaxanthin retention was higher in Y-NP (22.31 ±â€¯2.53%) than in Y-NE (16.84 ±â€¯0.53%). Despite the lower firmness and viscosity observed in Y-NP, these changes were not sensory perceived. The bioaccessibility after in vitro digestion suggested that nanoencapsulation provided a controlled release of the carotenoid. Zea-NP can be incorporated in yogurt, allowing the dispersion of a hydrophobic compound in a hydrophilic matrix, providing stability.

Lutein and zeaxanthin isomers may attenuate photo-oxidative retinal damage via modulation of G protein-coupled receptors and growth factors in rats.

BACKGROUND: Retina photoreceptor cells are specially adapted for functioning over comprehensive ambient light conditions. Lutein and Zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi) can protect photoreceptor cells against excessive light degeneration. Efficacy of L/Zi has been assessed on some G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), transcription and neurotrophic factors in the retina of rats exposed to incremental intense light emitting diode (LED) illumination conditions. METHODS: Forty-two male rats (age: 8 weeks) were randomly assigned to six treatment groups, 7 rats each. The rats with a 3x2 factorial design were kept under 3 intense light conditions (12hL/12hD, 16hL/8hD, 24hL/0hD) and received two levels of L/Zi (0 or 100 mg/kg BW) for two months. Increased nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), and decreased Rhodopsin (Rho), Rod arrestin (Sag), G Protein Subunit Alpha Transducin1 (Gnat1), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), growth-associated protein-43 (GAP43), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were observed in 24 h light intensity adaptation followed by 16 h IL and 8 h D. RESULTS: L/Zi administration significantly improved antioxidant capacity and retinal Rho, Rod-arrestin (Sag), Gnat1, NCAM, GAP43, BDNF, NGF, IGF1, Nrf2, and HO-1 levels. However, the levels of NF-κB and GFAP levels were decreased by administration of L/Zi. CONCLUSIONS: According to these results, L/Zi may be assumed as an adjunct therapy to prevent early photoreceptor cell degeneration and neutralize free radicals derived from oxidative stress.