RESUMO
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved clinical outcomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lacking targetable oncogenic alterations. However, their efficacy in individuals with such genomic alterations remains heterogeneous and poorly understood. In detail, certain oncogenic alterations in TP53, EGFR (uncommon mutations), KRAS (G12C), BRAF (non-V600E), MET (amplifications), FGFR1 and FGFR4, actively modify MAPK, PI3K, and STING signaling, thus remodeling tumoral immune phenotype and are associated with high TMB counts, enriched T lymphocyte tumor infiltration, and high expression of antigen-presenting molecules, supporting their consideration as part of the eligibility criteria for ICIs treatment. Nonetheless, other oncogenic alterations are associated with an immunosuppressive TME, low TMB counts, and downregulation of targetable immune checkpoints, in which novel therapeutic approaches are currently being tested to overcome their intrinsic resistance. In this context, this review discusses the fundamental mechanisms by which frequent driver alterations affect ICIs efficacy in patients with NSCLC, and outlines their prognostic relevance in the era of immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Imunoterapia , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/imunologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/terapia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Imunoterapia/métodos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Animais , Mutação , Imunomodulação/genéticaRESUMO
Interrupting pathogen transmission between species is a priority strategy to mitigate zoonotic threats. However, avoiding counterproductive interventions requires knowing animal reservoirs of infection and the dynamics of transmission within them, neither of which are easily ascertained from the cross-sectional surveys that now dominate investigations into newly discovered viruses. We used biobanked sera and metagenomic data to reconstruct the transmission of recently discovered bat-associated influenza virus (BIV; H18N11) over 12 years in three zones of Peru. Mechanistic models fit under a Bayesian framework, which enabled joint inference from serological and molecular data, showed that common vampire bats maintain BIV independently of the now assumed fruit bat reservoir through immune waning and seasonal transmission pulses. A large-scale vampire bat cull targeting rabies incidentally halved BIV transmission, confirming vampire bats as maintenance hosts. Our results show how combining field studies, perturbation responses, and multi-data-type models can elucidate pathogen dynamics in nature and reveal pathogen-dependent effects of interventions.
Assuntos
Quirópteros , Quirópteros/virologia , Animais , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/transmissão , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Humanos , Teorema de Bayes , Peru/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Zoonoses/virologia , Estudos LongitudinaisRESUMO
Despite the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to bladder cancer being widely accepted, there have been few significant advancements in this field over the past decades. This underscores the necessity for a paradigm shift in the approach to bladder cancer. The role of amyloids in cancer remains unclear despite their identification in several other pathologies. In this study, we present evidence of amyloids in bladder cancer, both in vitro and in vivo. In a murine model of bladder cancer, a positive correlation was observed between amyloids and tumor stage, indicating an association between amyloids and bladder cancer progression. Subsequently, the amyloid proteome of the RT4 non-invasive and HT1197 invasive bladder cancer cell lines was identified and included oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and highly expressed cancer-related proteins. It is proposed that amyloids function as structures that sequester key proteins. Therefore, amyloids should be considered in the study and diagnosis of bladder cancer.
Assuntos
Amiloide , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Amiloide/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , FemininoRESUMO
Anthropogenic activities are increasingly encroaching into wildland areas, heightening interactions between human and carnivore communities. Area-based conservation measures, such as protected areas (PAs), employ different management strategies via land-use designations to mitigate anthropogenic pressures and reduce human-wildlife conflicts in shared landscapes. Here, we assessed carnivore diel activity and temporal activity overlap in and around El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve (REBITRI) in Chiapas, Mexico, along a land-use designation gradient. We deployed 33 camera traps along the gradient, leveraging the reserve's core and buffer zones, and private lands surrounding the reserve. We calculated activity overlap between species to detect changes in interspecific competition and predator-prey interactions along the gradient. In total, we detected 14 carnivores in the core zones, 10 in the buffer zone, and 9 on private land across the 4777 trap-night survey. Significant shifts in single-species diel activity between the buffer zones and private land were detected for margay (Leopardus wiedii) and grey fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Activity overlap was the highest in the buffer zone for all predator-prey pairs, and two competitor pairs, suggesting reduced diel niche partitioning in this land-use designation due to varied anthropogenic pressures. Our findings contribute to assessing PA efficacy and understanding carnivore activity in multiple-use landscapes where anthropogenic pressures are ubiquitous.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Animais , México , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Comportamento Predatório/fisiologia , Carnívoros/fisiologia , Ecossistema , Humanos , Raposas/fisiologiaRESUMO
AIM: To investigate whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) improves physical performance, systolic blood pressure, and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in skeletal muscle of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). METHODS: Nineteen male SHR rats were randomly assigned to two groups: sedentary (SHRC) and trained (SHR+T). The SHR+T group trained five times a week for eight weeks on a treadmill, while the SHR group remained without any exercise stimulus throughout the experimental period. Maximum physical performance and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were assessed before and after the training period. The following variables were measured in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle: gene expression of the NADPH oxidase complex (NOX2, NOX4, p22phox, p47phox) and the NF-kB pathway (NF-kB and Ik-B), lipid peroxidation (malonaldehyde; MDA), protein carbonylation, hydrophilic antioxidant capacity (HAC) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α). RESULTS: SHR+T rats showed higher physical performance and levels of IL-6, and lower SBP and protein carbonylation (p<0.05), compared with SHRC rats. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in the other variables. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results indicate that HIIT is an effective non-pharmacologic strategy to improve physical performance, reduce SBP, and modulate the skeletal muscle oxidative damage and inflammation in hypertensive rats.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea , Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade , Músculo Esquelético , Estresse Oxidativo , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Ratos Endogâmicos SHR , Animais , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade/métodos , Ratos , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Hipertensão/metabolismo , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , NADPH Oxidases/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismoRESUMO
Between the neurotransmission systems modulated by alcohol, the opioid system has been receiving attention in studies that seek to understand its relationship to the effects of addictive substances and different neuropsychiatric disorders. The use of naltrexone stands out in determining the mechanisms of the opioid system, as it acts as an opioid antagonist and consequently generates neurochemical responses. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacological modulation of opioids on behavioral and neurobiological aspects in adult zebrafish submitted to the protocol of repeated exposure to ethanol and treated with naltrexone. Opioid modulation using naltrexone has been shown to modulate anxiety-like behavior, presenting anxiolytic properties in isolation, in addition to reversing the anxiogenic effect of ethanol through the Novel tank and Light/dark test. Naltrexone increased serotonin and dopamine levels, while ethanol antagonized these effects. In contrast, the interaction between ethanol and naltrexone raised noradrenaline levels. Naltrexone altered glutamate levels, however, ethanol reversed it. Ethanol acted on glutamate transporters increasing their activities, while naltrexone treatment reduced activities. No significant results were found in the pro-oxidant parameters, however, ethanol reduced SOD activity while naltrexone reversed. The same occurred in CAT activity. Also, naltrexone up-regulated the expression of genes related to the dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and opioid systems. The genes used as markers of the inflammatory process and glial activity were modulated by ethanol and together with naltrexone, respectively. Taken together, our findings reinforce the importance of opioid signaling on biochemical and molecular bases related to neuropsychiatric behaviors and diseases, such as anxiety and substance dependence.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal , Etanol , Naltrexona , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes , Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Naltrexona/farmacologia , Etanol/farmacologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/farmacologia , Masculino , Ansiedade/metabolismo , Ansiedade/tratamento farmacológico , Dopamina/metabolismo , Serotonina/metabolismoRESUMO
Peripheral inflammation may lead to severe inflammatory painful conditions. Macrophages are critical for inflammation; modulating related pathways could be an essential therapeutic strategy for chronic pain diseases. Here we hypothesized that 1) Macrophage-P2X4 receptors are involved in the transition from acute to persistent inflammatory muscle hyperalgesia and that 2) P2X4 activation triggers a pro-inflammatory phenotype leading to Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) increase. Once physical exercise prevents exacerbated inflammatory processes related to chronic diseases including chronic muscle pain, we also hypothesized that 3) physical exercise, through PPARγ receptors, prevents P2X4 receptors activation. With pharmacological behaviour, biomolecular analysis and swimming physical exercise in a mouse model of persistent inflammatory muscle hyperalgesia we demonstrated that P2X4 receptors are essential for transitioning from acute to persistent inflammatory muscle hyperalgesia; Phosphorylation of p38MAPK indicated P2X4 signalling activation associated with inflammatory macrophage and an increase of IL-1ß expression in skeletal muscle; Exercise-PPARγ receptors prevented phosphorylation of p38MAPK in muscle tissue. Our findings suggest that exercise-PPARγ modulates the acute inflammatory phase of developing persistent muscle hyperalgesia by controlling p38MAPK-related P2X4 signalling. These highlight the great potential of modulating macrophage phenotypes and P2X4 receptors to prevent pain conditions and the ability of physical exercise to prevent inflammatory processes related to chronic muscle pain.
Assuntos
Hiperalgesia , Interleucina-1beta , Macrófagos , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Receptores Purinérgicos P2X4 , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Receptores Purinérgicos P2X4/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Hiperalgesia/metabolismo , Camundongos , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , PPAR gama/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , FosforilaçãoRESUMO
This study analyzes the morphology of melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) in the kidney, liver, and spleen of Gymnotus carapo across two different environmental settings with varying degrees of anthropogenic impact, aiming to link habitat conditions to fish health and validate MMCs as bioindicators for environmental monitoring. A total of 28 specimens, captured and humanely sacrificed under anesthesia, were processed using conventional histological techniques. Morphometric measurements were recorded, and tissue samples were examined on an Olympus BX 41 microscope, selecting 10 random 10x fields per organ to count MMCs. Macroscopic and histological examination of the liver, kidney, and spleen highlighted MMCs distribution patterns and notable differences across sex and age groups. Adult and juvenile males showed major MMCs counts in the kidney and spleen compared to females, while liver samples from both sexes contained only pigmented cells without significant MMCs formation. Differences in MMCs quantity and structure were also observed between environments: natural habitats displayed lower MMCs counts in both sexes compared to samples from locations with higher anthropogenic impact, where MMCs frequency and pigmentation intensity were notably elevated. These findings suggest that MMCs variations in G. carapo may reflect environmental conditions and stressors, supporting the potential application of MMCs as health indicators for aquatic organisms and ecosystem monitoring. This work provides comprehensive morphometric and histological data on MMCs distribution in G. carapo, emphasizing its potential as a bioindicator species, particularly valuable in regions with varying pollution levels.
Assuntos
Rim , Fígado , Baço , Animais , Baço/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/citologia , Masculino , Feminino , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , EcossistemaRESUMO
Dengue is the most widespread vector-borne viral infection globally and a serious public health problem. The 2023-2024 dengue outbreak across Latin America has drastically impacted Peru, including previously unaffected areas such as metropolitan Lima and Amazonian rural communities, presumably due to climate change. Research studies conducted in Iquitos, the largest city in the Peruvian Amazon, showed that ultra-low-volume pyrethroid spray applications against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti were effective when adequate coverage and quality control were carried out. Insecticide-treated curtains were not effective at controlling dengue transmission in Iquitos, whereas the use of passive spatial repellent emanators demonstrated 34% protective efficacy against Aedes-borne virus infection. In modeling studies, targeted indoor residual spray strategies showed promising reductions in dengue transmission, which require empirical evaluation. Trials conducted in Iquitos have shown that larval control alone is not sufficient to control Ae. aegypti, urging that government programs must consider integrated vector management.
Assuntos
Aedes , Dengue , Inseticidas , Controle de Mosquitos , Mosquitos Vetores , Aedes/virologia , Animais , Peru/epidemiologia , Controle de Mosquitos/métodos , Mosquitos Vetores/virologia , Dengue/prevenção & controle , Dengue/transmissão , Dengue/epidemiologia , HumanosRESUMO
Leishmaniasis and Carrion's disease are endemic neglected diseases in Peru. Both diseases are transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies competent for infection with Leishmania species and Bartonella bacilliformis. In Peru, 149 sand fly species have been identified. Knowledge regarding sand fly species diversity and distribution in leishmaniasis and Carrion's disease transmission areas has grown in the past 2 decades through multiple surveillance efforts in endemic regions, including unexplored low and high jungle areas. Furthermore, molecular testing approaches have been implemented to enhance surveillance of Leishmania and Bartonella species in sand fly populations from these endemic regions. This review emphasizes the importance of entomological surveillance in Peru for the characterization of sand fly species and the discovery of a great diversity of Leishmania and Bartonella species in sand fly populations from Andean and Amazonian regions.
Assuntos
Infecções por Bartonella , Bartonella , Insetos Vetores , Leishmania , Psychodidae , Peru/epidemiologia , Animais , Psychodidae/microbiologia , Psychodidae/parasitologia , Leishmania/genética , Leishmania/classificação , Leishmania/isolamento & purificação , Bartonella/genética , Bartonella/isolamento & purificação , Bartonella/classificação , Infecções por Bartonella/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bartonella/transmissão , Infecções por Bartonella/microbiologia , Insetos Vetores/microbiologia , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Leishmaniose/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose/transmissão , Humanos , Bartonella bacilliformis/genética , Bartonella bacilliformis/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Bostrichid beetles are well-known pests of wood and wood products in the world. The Madagascar almond tree, Terminalia neotaliala Capuron (Myrtales: Combretaceae), is uniquely layered and has been introduced and cultivated across several continents, where it is commonly used in urban landscape projects. To assess the damage caused by bostrichid beetles to T. neotaliala, the damage status of T. neotaliala, the classification of bostrichid beetles, and their vertical distribution on host plants were investigated. The primary site of infestation by bostrichid beetles on T. neotaliala living trees was the lateral branches in the fields with the damage symptoms, including unseasonable yellowed leaves, branch breakage, or eventual death of the entire lateral branch. The total percentage of attacked plants was 9.53%. Significant positive correlations existed between the percentage of attacked plants and the diameter at breast height and crown width, but not with the tree height. The percentage of damage by bostrichid beetles to T. neotaliala reached level I and level II over the 2-year observation. A total of nine species from four genera of Bostrichidae infested the T. neotaliala, i.e., Sinoxylon eucerum Lesne, S. flabrarius Lesne, S. japonicum Lesne, S. mangiferae Chûjô, S. pygmaeum Lesne, S. tignarium Lesne, Xylocis tortilicornis Lesne, Xylodectes ornatus (Lesne), and Xylopsocus capucinus (Fabricius). There were no distinct differences in the total number of Bostrichidae species on different crown layers of T. neotaliala, and no significant correlations between the total number of species and individuals, and the number of individuals of each species and the measurements of plants (i.e., diameter at breast height, crown width, and tree height). Our findings provide essential information for the development, implementation and monitoring of effective control strategies against bostrichid beetles on T. neotaliala.
Assuntos
Besouros , Terminalia , Animais , Besouros/classificação , Besouros/anatomia & histologia , MadagáscarRESUMO
Members of the genus Oncicola Travassos, 1916 are generalist parasites able to infect a broad spectrum of carnivorous hosts, such as marsupials, procyonids, felids, and canids, and are distributed globally. Adult specimens were collected from the intestines of three white-nosed coatis (N. narica), whereas cystacanths (larval form) were found in the body cavities of two amphibian species (paratenic hosts) in localities from northern and southeastern Mexico. Morphologically, both stages were identified as O. luehei (Travassos, 1917) on the basis of the following features: trunk cylindrical, narrow anteriorly, enlarging midbody, tapering gradually to narrow posteriorly; proboscis globular with six circular rows of hooks with six hooks each, decreasing in size posteriorly; neck short with sensory papilla; tubular lemnisci long, extending to the posterior region; protonephridia dendritic type; and eight cement glands, compact with a single giant nuclei. Sequences from cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 from mtDNA were aligned and compared with sequences available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that adults and cystacanths formed a clade with two other isolates identified as Oncicola sp. and O. luehei from Mexico. The intraspecific genetic divergence among the isolates was low, ranging from 0.0% to 3.0%, indicating that the two stages of the life cycle belong to the same species. The haplotype network was inferred with 11 sequences and revealed a lack of shared haplotypes between populations, suggesting a reduced recombination rate and a high pattern of genetic variation among individuals. Finally, these new records of O. luehei increase the distribution range of O. luehei on both coasts of Mexico.
Assuntos
Acantocéfalos , Helmintíase Animal , Filogenia , Animais , México , Acantocéfalos/genética , Acantocéfalos/classificação , Acantocéfalos/isolamento & purificação , Acantocéfalos/anatomia & histologia , Helmintíase Animal/parasitologia , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Anfíbios/parasitologia , Feminino , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , DNA de Helmintos/genética , Masculino , Intestinos/parasitologiaRESUMO
Dysregulated renin-angiotensin system (RAS) signaling contributes to elevated blood pressure (BP), inflammation, and organ damage in systemic arterial hypertension (HTN). We have demonstrated that hypertensive humans and rats exhibit higher expression of classic RAS components and lower expression of counterregulatory RAS components in the lungs compared with normotensive counterparts. Here, we investigated whether BP control could restore the balance between classic [angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (ACE)/angiotensin II (Ang II)] and counterregulatory [angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/Ang (1-7)] RAS, thereby mitigating lung inflammation. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were treated with either losartan or amlodipine, both of which effectively reduced BP. These interventions up-regulated lung Ace2 and down-regulated Ace gene expression. Pulmonary membrane ACE2 abundance and activity were higher in losartan- and amlodipine-treated SHRs than in vehicle-treated SHRs, whereas ACE protein and function remained unchanged. Drug-treated SHRs exhibited lower levels of lung Ang II and higher levels of Ang (1-7) than vehicle-treated SHRs. Rebalancing the pulmonary RAS remarkably reduced macrophage number and down-regulated pro-inflammatory genes in SHR lungs, with lower expression of lung pro-inflammatory genes correlating with lower circulating levels of ACE2. Serum analysis in healthy and hypertensive individuals supported these findings, showing higher ACE2 levels in uncontrolled compared with controlled hypertension and normotension. Collectively, these findings suggest that high blood pressure may induce lung inflammation via an ACE/ACE2 imbalance. BP control with either an RAS inhibitor or a calcium channel blocker rebalances RAS in SHR lungs and alleviates inflammation. Furthermore, this study provides a mechanistic link between inflammatory lung diseases (such as COVID-19) and hypertension as a major risk factor.
Assuntos
Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Anti-Hipertensivos , Pressão Sanguínea , Hipertensão , Losartan , Pulmão , Ratos Endogâmicos SHR , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina , Animais , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/genética , Ratos , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/metabolismo , Losartan/farmacologia , Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Anlodipino/farmacologia , Anlodipino/uso terapêutico , Angiotensina I/metabolismo , Angiotensina II/metabolismo , Humanos , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/metabolismo , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/genética , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Gonatopus Ljungh is recognized as the third most diverse genus within Dryinidae (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) and exhibits a pronounced sexual dimorphism. Due to its extensive diversity, species recognition for both sexes are challenging without the use of specimens obtained through rearing or the application of molecular techniques such as DNA barcoding. In Brazil, the knowledge of Gonatopus fauna is limited, with the Northeast region being particularly under-studied. The objective of this study was to gather comprehensive information about the biology of Gonatopus through the rearing of parasitized leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). This approach allowed for the recognition and description of a new species, G. cambitos Martins & Celante sp. nov. Furthermore, the study facilitated the association of sexes through the parasitism performed by females of the new species on nymphs of Frequenamia confusa (Linnavuori) (Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae). Additionally, the research provided insights into predation and parasitism behavior, detailing the developmental stages from larva to adult and we provided a discussion about the distribution of Gonatopus in the Northeast Region of Brazil. In addition to these findings, is provided a discussion about the previous of Gonatopus in the Northeast region of Brazil, based on distribution records.
Assuntos
Hemípteros , Vespas , Animais , Brasil , Feminino , Masculino , Hemípteros/classificação , Vespas/classificação , Ninfa , Larva , Himenópteros/classificação , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Caracteres SexuaisRESUMO
With eight described taxa, the "panthonus clade" of Parides Hübner, [1819] has been the subject of several recent taxonomic rearrangements, including the number of species that compose this clade. Based on new molecular data, including sequences of the nominate subspecies of the two putative species of this group, namely Parides burchellanus (Westwood, 1872) and P. panthonus panthonus (Cramer, 1780), a new phylogenetic hypothesis is presented for this clade. The obtained phylogeny recovered the "panthonus clade" as monophyletic and divided into two main sub-clades. Based on this tree and genetic distances, the "panthonus clade" comprises two species: (1) P. burchellanus, which has no recognized subspecies, and (2) P. panthonus (Cramer, 1780), with seven described subspecies. The present study has contributed significantly towards clarifying the systematics of the "panthonus clade," an important first step towards future studies of the ecology, biogeography, and species conservation within this clade.
Assuntos
Filogenia , Animais , Borboletas/classificação , Borboletas/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
The genus Stenopholea Herman, 1969 (Staphylinidae: Paederinae) includes 11 species restricted to the Neotropical region, with species recorded in Brazil, Mexico, and Ecuador. Most species predominantly inhabit high-altitude terrain. Besides Stenopholea, the subtribe Dolicaonina includes 18 other genera, and to date, the larvae of this subtribe have not been formally described. In recent surveys in high-altitude grounds in Brazil, we collected adults and larva of a new species of Stenopholea, S. itatiaia sp. nov. herein described, marking the first description of a larva for the subtribe Dolicaonina. This species is the first record of the genus for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and a distributional map for the species of Stenopholea is also presented. Additionally, the Paederinae species Lathrobium franckei Wendeler, 1956 is transferred here to Stenopholea and synonymized with S. thyma Herman, 1981, establishing a new combination: Stenopholea franckei (Wendeler, 1956) comb. nov.
Assuntos
Larva , Animais , Brasil , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Larva/classificação , Feminino , Masculino , Besouros/classificação , Besouros/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Changes in population demographics indicate that the elderly population will reach 2.1 billion worldwide by 2050. In parallel, there will be an increase in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This review explores dysbiosis occurring in these pathologies and how virulence factors contribute to the worsening or development of clinical conditions, and it summarizes existing and potential ways to combat microorganisms related to these diseases. Microbiota imbalances can contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases by increasing intestinal permeability, exchanging information through innervation, and even acting as a Trojan horse affecting immune cells. The microorganisms of the microbiota produce virulence factors to protect themselves from host defenses, many of which contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. These virulence factors are expressed according to the genetic composition of each microorganism, leading to a wide range of factors to be considered. Among the main virulence factors are LPS, urease, curli proteins, amyloidogenic proteins, VacA, and CagA. These factors can also be packed into bacterial outer membrane vesicles, which transport proteins, RNA, and DNA, enabling distal communication that impacts various diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
Assuntos
Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Fatores de Virulência , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismo , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Humanos , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/microbiologia , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/etiologia , Animais , Disbiose/microbiologia , Doença de Alzheimer/microbiologia , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/etiologia , Bactérias/patogenicidade , Bactérias/metabolismo , Bactérias/genética , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Microbiota , Doença de Parkinson/microbiologia , Doença de Parkinson/metabolismoRESUMO
The chemical complexity of natural products, such as Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC. plant, presents a challenge when extracting and identifying bioactive compounds. This study investigates the impact of different extraction systems and seasonal variations on the chemical profile and pharmacological potential of E. punicifolia leaves using NMR spectroscopy for chemical analysis and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) for bioactivity correlation. Extracts obtained with methanol (M), ethanol (E), methanol/ethanol (1:1, ME), and methanol/ethanol/water (3:1:1, MEW) were analyzed for antioxidant, antiglycation, and antiviral activities. Quantitative ¹H NMR, combined with the PULCON method, was used to quantify phenolic compounds such as quercetin, myricetin, catechin, and gallic acid. The results showed that the MEW extract obtained in the rainy season exhibited the highest antioxidant and antiglycation activities, with a greater than 93% of advanced-glycation end-products (AGEs) inhibition capacity. Furthermore, our results showed that all the extracts were able to inhibit over 94% of the Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in Vero E6 cells. The CCA established strong correlations between the phenolic compounds and bioactivities, identifying gallic acid, catechin, quercetin, and myricetin as key chemical markers. This study demonstrates the importance of selecting appropriate extraction systems and considering seasonality to optimize the pharmacological potential of E. punicifolia leaves and highlights the efficacy of NMR in linking chemical composition with bioactivities.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Antivirais , Eugenia (Ciência) , Extratos Vegetais , Folhas de Planta , Estações do Ano , Folhas de Planta/química , Eugenia (Ciência)/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Chlorocebus aethiops , Fenóis/farmacologia , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/análise , Células Vero , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/análise , Flavonoides/isolamento & purificação , Ácido Gálico/farmacologia , Ácido Gálico/químicaRESUMO
Escherichia coli (E. coli) carrying the transmissible locus of stress tolerance (tLST) are able to overcome numerous environmental challenges. In our in-silico study, we aimed to characterize tLST in terms of its variants in 793 genomes of E. coli from Brazil originating from food, environmental and clinical (animal and human) sources, and to perform a temporal analysis in order to identify the historical moment of its emergence. We also analyzed the presence of two Yersinia high pathogenicity island (HPI) variants in E. coli genomes, describing other genes and accessory for resistance, persistence, mobile elements (plasmids) and sequence types. The prevalence of the tLST was 10% in E. coli from Brazil, predominantly observed in milk-originating genomes, within the prevalent tLSTCP010237 variant. In E. coli from other sources (clinical/environmental), only part of the tLST was present. Remarkably, our temporal analysis pinpointed the emergence of tLST back to around 1914, coinciding with major societal events. Regarding virulence genes, we found a prevalence of 38.5% for HPI of Y. pestis across genomes from all sources. Our global analysis also showed a high diversity of other virulence genes for milk E. coli (+ 100 genes). These genomes also stood out from the overall metadata for presenting a greater variety of resistance genes to other stresses, such as metals, biocides and acids, as well as persistence genes (biofilm formation). This study demonstrated the historical background of E. coli with tLST genes dating back more than 100 years, and the acquisition of a wide range of virulence and resistance genes that allow it to circulate in different environments: from food to clinic or from clinic to food, making this bacterium a pathogen that requires rigorous surveillance and strategic interventions to mitigate potential risks.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli , Estresse Fisiológico , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/patogenicidade , Humanos , Estresse Fisiológico/genética , Animais , Genoma Bacteriano , Virulência/genética , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Ilhas Genômicas/genética , Brasil , Evolução Molecular , Leite/microbiologia , Fatores de Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
Cancer metastasis is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths and represents one of the most challenging processes to study due to its complexity and dynamic nature. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become an invaluable model in metastasis research, offering unique advantages such as optical transparency, rapid development, and the ability to visualize tumor interactions with the microenvironment in real time. This review explores how zebrafish models have elucidated the critical steps of metastasis, including tumor invasion, vascular remodeling, and immune evasion, while also serving as platforms for drug testing and personalized medicine. Advances such as patient-derived xenografts and innovative genetic tools have further established zebrafish as a cornerstone in cancer research, particularly in understanding the molecular drivers of metastasis and identifying therapeutic targets. By bridging the experimental findings with clinical relevance, zebrafish continue transforming our understanding of cancer biology and therapy.