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Síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo / Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Estenssoro, Elisa; Dubin, Arnaldo.
Affiliation
  • Estenssoro, Elisa; Hospital Interzonal de Agudos General San Martín. Servicio de Terapia Intensiva. AR
  • Dubin, Arnaldo; Hospital Interzonal de Agudos General San Martín. Servicio de Terapia Intensiva. AR
Medicina (B.Aires) ; Medicina (B.Aires);76(4): 235-241, Aug. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Es | LILACS | ID: biblio-841583
Responsible library: BR1.1
RESUMEN
El síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA) es una insuficiencia respiratoria aguda secundaria a edema pulmonar inflamatorio, con aumento de permeabilidad capilar, inundación alveolar e hipoxemia profunda subsiguiente. El trastorno subyacente es la presencia de shunt intrapulmonar, característicamente refractario a las FIO2 elevadas. El SDRA se manifiesta dentro de la semana de la exposición a un factor de riesgo, habitualmente neumonía, shock, sepsis, aspiración de contenido gástrico, trauma, y otros. En la tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) la enfermedad frecuentemente aparece como no homogénea, con infiltrados gravitacionales coexistiendo con áreas normalmente aireadas y otras hiperinsufladas. La mortalidad es elevada (30-60%), especialmente en el SDRA secundario a shock séptico e injuria cerebral aguda. El tratamiento es el del factor de riesgo, junto con la ventilación mecánica que, inapropiadamente utilizada, puede también inducir injuria. El uso de un volumen corriente ≤ 6 ml/kg de peso corporal ideal como para mantener una presión de fin de inspiración (plateau) ≤ 30 cm H2O ("ventilación protectora") se asocia a una disminución de la mortalidad. Niveles de presión positiva de fin de espiración (PEEP) moderados-altos son frecuentemente necesarios para tratar la hipoxemia, pero no existe un único valor predeterminado o un método específico de titular PEEP para disminuir la mortalidad. Recientemente, la utilización precoz del decúbito prono en pacientes con PaO2/FIO2 ≤150 se asoció a un aumento de supervivencia. En la hipoxemia grave, pueden utilizarse adyuvantes de la ventilación mecánica como maniobras de reclutamiento, bloqueantes neuromusculares y oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea. La restricción en los fluidos resulta beneficiosa.
ABSTRACT
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute respiratory failure produced by an inflammatory edema secondary to increased lung capillary permeability. This causes alveolar flooding and subsequently deep hypoxemia, with intrapulmonary shunt as its most important underlying mechanism. Characteristically, this alteration is unresponsive to high FIO2 and only reverses with end-expiratory positive pressure (PEEP). Pulmonary infiltrates on CXR and CT are the hallmark, together with decreased lung compliance. ARDS always occurs within a week of exposition to a precipitating factor; most frequently pneumonia, shock, aspiration of gastric contents, sepsis, and trauma. In CT scan, the disease is frequently inhomogeneous, with gravitational infiltrates coexisting with normal-density areas and also with hyperaerated parenchyma. Mortality is high (30-60%) especially in ARDS associated with septic shock and neurocritical diseases. The cornerstone of therapy lies in the treatment of the underlying cause and in the use mechanical ventilation which, if inappropriately administered, can lead to ventilator-induced lung injury. Tidal volume ≤ 6 ml/kg of ideal body weight to maintain an end-inspiratory (plateau) pressure ≤ 30 cm H2O ("protective ventilation") is the only variable consistently associated with decreased mortality. Moderate-to-high PEEP levels are frequently required to treat hypoxemia, yet no specific level or titration strategy has improved outcomes. Recently, the use of early prone positioning in patients with PaO2/FIO2 ≤ 150 was associated with increased survival. In severely hypoxemic patients, it may be necessary to use adjuvants of mechanical ventilation as recruitment maneuvers, pressure-controlled modes, neuromuscular blocking agents, and extracorporeal-membrane oxygenation. Fluid restriction appears beneficial.
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Full text: 1 Collection: 01-internacional Database: LILACS Main subject: Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn Type of study: Etiology_studies / Prognostic_studies Limits: Humans Language: Es Journal: Medicina (B.Aires) Journal subject: MEDICINA Year: 2016 Document type: Article Affiliation country: Argentina Country of publication: Argentina
Full text: 1 Collection: 01-internacional Database: LILACS Main subject: Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn Type of study: Etiology_studies / Prognostic_studies Limits: Humans Language: Es Journal: Medicina (B.Aires) Journal subject: MEDICINA Year: 2016 Document type: Article Affiliation country: Argentina Country of publication: Argentina