Phylogenetic and morphological evidence reveals the association between diet and the evolution of the venom delivery system in Neotropical goo-eating snakes

ABSTRACT

Advanced endoglyptodont snakes share a complex but homologous venom delivery system associated with the upperjaw and its dentition. Recently, a remarkable novel lower jaw venom delivery system was described for the Neotropicaldipsadine radiation of goo-eating snakes. While most dipsadines are opistoglyphous and exhibit large, mainly serousvenom glands associated with the upper jaw and supralabial glands, goo-eating dipsadine snakes are aglyphous and lackserous upper labial venom glands. Here, we provide new morphological and histological information on the oral glandsand maxillary dentition of representatives of the major lineages of dipsadines that help trace the evolutionary steps thatshaped the venom delivery system of dipsadines. We performed a maximum likelihood analysis on a molecular datasetthat includes 443 terminals and seven loci. Our results show that goo-eating dipsadines form a monophyletic assemblagethat includes the genusAdelphicosfor the first time, along withGeophis,Atractus,Ninia,Chersodromus,Tropidodipsas,Sibon, andDipsas. We also provide the first evidence of a complete shift from an upper jaw to a lower jaw venomdelivery system associated with their specialized feeding behaviour. Unlike other dipsadines who exhibit typicalendoglyptodont anteroposteriorly ridged posterior maxillary teeth, goo-eating dipsadines have uniform lateromediallyridged teeth throughout their maxilla. Our results indicate that the loss of the endoglyptodont venom delivery systemoccurred in the most recent common ancestor of goo-eating dipsadines, probably resulting from the loss of theembryonic posterior maxillary lamina responsible for the development of the venom delivery system.