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Neurotóxicos medioambientales (y II). Metales: efectos adversos en el sistema nervioso fetal y posnatal / Environmental toxins. Metals: adverse effects on the fetal and postnatal nervous systems
Ortega García, JA; Ferrís Tortajada, J; Cánovas Conesa, A; García Castell, J.
Affiliation
  • Ortega García, JA; Hospital Infantil Universitario "La Fe". Valencia. España
  • Ferrís Tortajada, J; Hospital Infantil Universitario "La Fe". Valencia. España
  • Cánovas Conesa, A; Universidad de Valencia. Valencia. España
  • García Castell, J; Hospital de Sagunt. Valencia. España
Acta pediatr. esp ; 63(5): 182-192, mayo 2005. ilus
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-038984
Responsible library: ES1.1
Localization: ES1.1 - BNCS
RESUMEN
Objetivo. Divulgar entre los pediatras la neurotoxicidad del plomo (Pb), mercurio (Hg), manganeso (Mn) y cadmio (Cd) sobre el SNC y las medidas preventivas para minimizar y eliminar su uso en los hábitats fetal, infantil y juvenil. Material y métodos. Revisión bibliográfica sistemática de los efectos del Pb, Hg, Mn, y Cd en el SNC en desarrollo. Búsqueda en las bases de datos Medline, Science Citation Index y Embase de los últimos 20 años de los trabajos observacionales de exposición a bajas dosis en humanos y de experimentación en animales. Resultados. 1) Los principales efectos neurotóxicos de la exposición fetal e infantil a niveles incrementados de Pb son déficit de atención, disminución del rendimiento y fracaso escolar, impulsividad, agresividad y conducta delictiva; 2) la exposición a Hg en dosis altas provoca retraso mental, alteraciones visuales y de la marcha, y en bajas dosis, del lenguaje, la atención y la memoria; 3) en diversas comunidades autónomas, la población pediátrica supera los límites de seguridad de ingestión de Hg recomendados por la U.S. Environmental Pro-tection Agency; 4) el Mn provoca trastornos de hiperactividad y aprendizaje; 5) la leche materna contiene 6 μg/L de Mn, las fórmulas artificiales unos 77 μg/L, si han sido suplementadas, alrededor de 100 μg/L, y las fórmulas de soja, hasta 300 μg/L; y 6) la exposición al Cd produce trastornos de hiperactividad, alteraciones de la capacidad verbal y disminución del coeficiente intelectual. Conclusiones. 1) Los efectos del Pb, Hg, Mn y Cd sobre el SNC fetal e infantil pueden aparecer con niveles inferiores a los considerados como «seguros»; 2) los pediatras debemos recomendar alternativas para minimizar y eliminar los metales neurotóxicos del entorno infantil; 3) es necesario cuantificar la ingestión diaria de Hg y reducir de forma cautelar el consumo de algunos peces (atún, caballa, emperador, perca, lucio...) en niños, madres lactantes y en mujeres embarazadas y en edades fértiles; 4) los lactantes con fórmulas artificiales ingieren más cantidad de Mn; y 5) las unidades de salud medioambiental pediátrica deben poner en marcha las historias ambientales en los niños con enfermedades neurológicas
ABSTRACT
Objective. To make pediatricians aware of the effects of the neurotoxicity of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn) and cadmium (Cd) on the CNS and inform them of the preventive measures that can minimize or eliminate their use in fetal, childhood and adolescent environments. Material and methods. A systematic literature search was carried out to explore the effects of Pb, Hg, Mn and Cd on the developing CNS. The search was carried out in the Medline, Science Citation Index and Embase databases and involved observational studies on low-dose exposure in humans and in laboratory animals over the past 20 years. Results. 1) The major neurotoxic effects derived from fetal and postnatal exposure to elevated levels of Pb are attention deficits, below average school performance, increased impulsiveness, aggressiveness and delinquent behavior. 2) Fetal exposure to high-dose Hg causes mental retardation and gait and visual disturbances, and fetal exposure to lower doses may cause lasting impairments in language, attention and memory. 3) In certain autonomous communities, the pediatric population surpasses the safety limits of Hg recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency. 4) Mn causes hyperactivity and learning disabilities. 5) Breast milk contains 6 μg of Mn per liter; infant formulas about 77 μg/L; the latter, when supplemented, around 100 μg/L; and soy-based formulas up to 300 μg/L. 6) Exposure to Cd in children has been shown to result in hyperactivity and lower verbal and performance intelligence quotients. Conclusions. 1) The effects of Pb, Hg, Mn and Cd on the fetal and postnatal CNS can occur at lower levels of exposure considered "safe". 2) Pediatricians have to recommend alternatives to minimize and eliminate the neurotoxic metals in the childhood environment. 3) As a preventive measure, it is necessary to quantify and decrease the daily Hg intake of children, nursing mothers, pregnant women and women of reproductive age, and reduce the consumption of certain fish (tuna, mackerel, sword fish, perch, pike, etc.). 4) Formula-fed infants ingest a much greater quantity of Mn. 5) Pediatric Environmental Health Units should implement environmental histories in children with neurological disorders
Subject(s)
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Collection: National databases / Spain Health context: SDG3 - Target 3.9 Reduce the amount of deaths produced by dangerous chemicals and the pollution of the air, water and soil / SDG3 - Health and Well-Being Health problem: Unintentional Poisoning / Target 3.9: Reduce the amount of deaths produced by dangerous chemicals and the pollution of the air, water and soil Database: IBECS Main subject: Prenatal Diagnosis / Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Lead Poisoning, Nervous System / Manganese Poisoning / Mercury Poisoning, Nervous System / Environmental Exposure / Lead Poisoning / Mercury Poisoning / Metals Type of study: Diagnostic study / Observational study Limits: Animals / Female / Humans / Male Language: Spanish Journal: Acta pediatr. esp Year: 2005 Document type: Article Institution/Affiliation country: Hospital Infantil Universitario "La Fe"/España / Hospital de Sagunt/España / Universidad de Valencia/España
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Collection: National databases / Spain Health context: SDG3 - Target 3.9 Reduce the amount of deaths produced by dangerous chemicals and the pollution of the air, water and soil / SDG3 - Health and Well-Being Health problem: Unintentional Poisoning / Target 3.9: Reduce the amount of deaths produced by dangerous chemicals and the pollution of the air, water and soil Database: IBECS Main subject: Prenatal Diagnosis / Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Lead Poisoning, Nervous System / Manganese Poisoning / Mercury Poisoning, Nervous System / Environmental Exposure / Lead Poisoning / Mercury Poisoning / Metals Type of study: Diagnostic study / Observational study Limits: Animals / Female / Humans / Male Language: Spanish Journal: Acta pediatr. esp Year: 2005 Document type: Article Institution/Affiliation country: Hospital Infantil Universitario "La Fe"/España / Hospital de Sagunt/España / Universidad de Valencia/España
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