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Síndrome de hiperperfusión cerebral en la cirugía de revascularización carotídea / Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome in carotid revascularisation surgery
Ballesteros Pomar, M; Alonso Argüeso, G; Tejada García, J; Vaquero Morilla, F.
Affiliation
  • Ballesteros Pomar, M; Hospital Universitario de León. Servicio de Angiología, Cirugía Vascular y Endovasuclar. León. España
  • Alonso Argüeso, G; Hospital Universitario de León. Servicio de Angiología, Cirugía Vascular y Endovasuclar. León. España
  • Tejada García, J; Hospital Universitario de León. Servicio de Neurología. León. España
  • Vaquero Morilla, F; Hospital Universitario de León. Servicio de Angiología, Cirugía Vascular y Endovasuclar. León. España
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 55(8): 490-498, 16 oct., 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-105451
Responsible library: ES1.1
Localization: BNCS
RESUMEN
Introducción. El síndrome de hiperperfusión cerebral (SHC) es una complicación grave de la cirugía de revascularización carotídea asociada tanto a la endarterectomía carotídea como al stenting carotídeo. Objetivo. Revisar la bibliografía publicada referente al SHC con objeto de actualizar su incidencia, fisiopatología, clínica, factores de riesgo, diagnóstico, manejo y tratamiento. Desarrollo. La cirugía de revascularización carotídea implica un aumento transitorio, del flujo sanguíneo cerebral, existiendo hiperperfusión si este aumento es mayor del 100% del valor preoperatorio. En el aumento del flujo sanguíneo cerebral intervienen dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos la alteración de los mecanismos de autorregulación cerebrovascular y el aumento de la presión arterial sistólica postoperatoria. El SHC consiste en la tríada clínica compuesta por cefalea, convulsiones y déficit neurológico focal, asociada a hipertensión arterial y con ausencia de isquemia cerebral. Si no se diagnostica, en su forma evolucionada aparece edema cerebral, hemorragia cerebral o subaracnoidea, y, finalmente, muerte. Los principales factores de riesgo del SHC son disminución de la reserva hemodinámica, hipertensión arterial postoperatoria e hiperperfusión, que se mantiene varias horas tras la recanalización carotídea. El diagnóstico se basa en la sospecha clínica y en pruebas complementarias, como el Doppler transcraneal o la tomografía computarizada por emisión de fotón único, que confirmen la hiperperfusión. El pilar fundamental del tratamiento es la prevención a través del control estricto de la tensión arterial, con fármacos como el labetalol y la clonidina. Conclusiones. El SHC es una complicación infradiagnosticada y grave de la revascularización carotídea que es necesario conocer para tratar precozmente y reducir su elevada morbimortalidad (AU)
ABSTRACT
Introduction. Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) is a serious complication of carotid revascularisation surgery associated with both carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting. Aim. To review the literature published to date on CHS with the aim of updating the data available on its incidence, pathophysiology, clinical features, risk factors, diagnosis, management and treatment. Development. Carotid revascularisation surgery entails a transient increase in cerebral blood flow, and if this increase is more than 100% of the pre-operative value, then hyperperfusion occurs. Two pathophysiological mechanisms are involved in increasing cerebral blood flow alteration of the cerebrovascular autoregulation mechanisms and increased postoperative systolic arterial pressure. CHS consists in the clinical triad headache, convulsions and focal neurological deficit, associated with arterial hypertension and the absence of cerebral ischaemia. If left undiagnosed, as it progresses it will lead to brain oedema, brain or subarachnoid haemorrhage and, finally, death. The main risk factors for CHS are diminished haemodynamic reserve, post-operative arterial hypertension and hyperperfusion, which remains for several hours after the carotid recanalisation. Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion and complementary tests, such as transcranial Doppler ultrasonography or single-photon emission tomography, which confirm the suspected hyperperfusion.The keystone on which treatment is based is prevention by strict control of the arterial pressure with drugs such as labetalol and clonidine. Conclusions. CHS is a serious, under-diagnosed complication of carotid revascularisation that the specialist must be aware of so that treatment can be established at an early stage, thereby reducing its high morbidity and mortality rate (AU)
Subject(s)
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Collection: National databases / Spain Health context: Sustainable Health Agenda for the Americas / SDG3 - Health and Well-Being / SDG3 - Target 3.4 Reduce premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases Health problem: Goal 9: Noncommunicable diseases and mental health / Target 3.4: Reduce premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases / Cardiovascular Disease / Cerebrovascular Disease Database: IBECS Main subject: Cerebral Hemorrhage / Cerebral Revascularization / Endarterectomy, Carotid / Carotid Stenosis Type of study: Etiology study / Risk factors Limits: Humans Language: Spanish Journal: Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) Year: 2012 Document type: Article Institution/Affiliation country: Hospital Universitario de León/España
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Collection: National databases / Spain Health context: Sustainable Health Agenda for the Americas / SDG3 - Health and Well-Being / SDG3 - Target 3.4 Reduce premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases Health problem: Goal 9: Noncommunicable diseases and mental health / Target 3.4: Reduce premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases / Cardiovascular Disease / Cerebrovascular Disease Database: IBECS Main subject: Cerebral Hemorrhage / Cerebral Revascularization / Endarterectomy, Carotid / Carotid Stenosis Type of study: Etiology study / Risk factors Limits: Humans Language: Spanish Journal: Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) Year: 2012 Document type: Article Institution/Affiliation country: Hospital Universitario de León/España
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