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Coping with Bargains in the Ultimatum Game: The Triple Circuit Hypothesis
Machado, Álvaro; Britto, Luiz Roberto; Oda, Eduardo.
Affiliation
  • Machado, Álvaro; Universidade de Sao Paulo. Brasil
  • Britto, Luiz Roberto; Universidade de Sao Paulo. Brasil
  • Oda, Eduardo; Universidade de Sao Paulo. Brasil
Int. j. psychol. psychol. ther. (Ed. impr.) ; 11(2): 183-199, jun. 2011. tab, graf
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-119665
Responsible library: ES1.1
Localization: BNCS
ABSTRACT
This paper aims to present a new hypothesis on cognitive and neurobiological processes involved in the evaluation of offers, based on Ultimatum Game (UG). Recently, different studies have linked serotonin and serotonin-related compounds to rejection rates in this game, through the mediation of intolerance to unfairness, thus leading to the serotonin hypothesis of UG. Despite the great interest of these findings, the current paper shows that the behavior of a responder in the game is much more complex than originally thought, and that are needed at least three cognitive schemas and neurobiological processes to properly cope with that behavior. This paper is designed as a classic scientific hypothesis. First, it defines the epistemological basis of the hypothesis, which is introduced in relation to limitations of the field that are expected to be overcome by this endeavor. Next, it presents evidence for the hypothesis, and finally it makes predictions that can be used to test it. The new hypothesis is named triple-circuit hypothesis; it states that at the cognitive level, the minimum schemas to represent the responder’s behavior are pre-consciousness discrepancy; attributional schema based upon valence activation; and the counterfactual tendency to repress impulsive behaviors. At the neurobiological level, it proposes that the essential circuit relies on transient decreases in phasic activity of neurons located in the dorsolateral portion of midbrain (error processing); MPFC excitatory firings toward the limbic system (especially the amygdala), mainly through glutamatergic pathways; dopaminergic activity toward the MPFC, generating inhibitory activity, which disinhibits limbie activity. Several evidences in support our hypothesis are presented (AU)
RESUMEN
Se presenta una nueva hipótesis sobre los procesos cognitivos y neurobiológicos implica- dos en la evaluación de ofertas en el Juego del Ultimatum (UG). Recientemente, diversos estudios han relacionado la serotonina y los compuestos relacionados con ella a las tasas de rechazo en el UG, a través de la mediación de la intolerancia a la injusticia, lo que ha conducido a formular la “hipótesis de la serotonina” del UG. A pesar del gran interés de estos hallazgos, este artículo pretende mostrar que la conducta de un jugador en este juego es mucho más compleja y son necesarios, al menos tres esquemas cognitivos y procesos neurobiológicos para explicarla. Este artículo ha sido diseñado como la presentación de hipótesis científica clásica, en la que primero se definen las bases epistemológicas presen- tadas teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones del campo a la espera de que esfuerzo ayude a clarificarlas. En segundo lugar, se presentan las evidencias de la hipótesis para, finalmente, elaborar las predicciones que pueden usarse para verificarla. La nueva hipótesis presentada se denomina hipótesis del triple circuito, y afirma que, a nivel cognitivo, los esquemas mínimos para representar la conducta del jugador son la discrepancia preconsciente, el esquema atribucional basado en la activación, y la tendencia contrafactual para controlar las conductas impulsivas. A nivel neurobiológico, la hipótesis propone que el circuito esencial descansa sobre un descenso transitorio en la actividad fásica de las neuronas localizadas en la porción dorsolateral del cerebro medio (procesamiento de errores), disparos excita- torios de la MPFC hacia el sistema límbico (especialmente la amígdala), principalmente a través de las rutas glutamatérgicas, y actividad dopaminérgica hacia la MPFC que genera actividad inhibitoria que desinhibe la actividad limbia. Se presentan diversas evidencias en apoyo de nuestra hipótesis (AU)
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Collection: National databases / Spain Health context: Sustainable Health Agenda for the Americas Health problem: Goal 11: Inequalities and inequities in health Database: IBECS Main subject: Neurobiology / Cognition / Equity / Game Theory Type of study: Prognostic study Aspects: Social determinants of health / Equity and inequality Limits: Humans Language: English Journal: Int. j. psychol. psychol. ther. (Ed. impr.) Year: 2011 Document type: Article Institution/Affiliation country: Universidade de Sao Paulo/Brasil
Search on Google
Collection: National databases / Spain Health context: Sustainable Health Agenda for the Americas Health problem: Goal 11: Inequalities and inequities in health Database: IBECS Main subject: Neurobiology / Cognition / Equity / Game Theory Type of study: Prognostic study Aspects: Social determinants of health / Equity and inequality Limits: Humans Language: English Journal: Int. j. psychol. psychol. ther. (Ed. impr.) Year: 2011 Document type: Article Institution/Affiliation country: Universidade de Sao Paulo/Brasil
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