Age, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Geography of Residence, and Occupation are Predictors of Bladder Calculi in Men: A Three-Year Data Analysis

ABSTRACT

Background: The formation of bladder calculi is a complex multifactorial process. Our objective was to identify predictors of bladder calculi in men. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a regional public hospital. We used medical records from 2017 to 2019 for men diagnosed with urinary calculi or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The diagnosis of urinary calculi was based on urinalysis, plain x-ray, and ultrasonography (USG). The diagnosis of BPH was based on digital rectal examination (DRE), USG, and American Urological Association (AUA) Symptom Index to assess the severity of BPH. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression. Results: Of 2010 study participants, 66.0% were men with urinary calculi, 39.7% had BPH, 21.0% were aged 70 years or more, 12.5% lived in limestone mountain areas, and 24.6% had occupations that were mainly outdoors. Urinary calculi in men with BPH were found in the urethra (3.0%), bladder (27.6%), ureter (2.2%), and kidney (1.1%). Of all men with urinary calculi, the odds of having bladder calculi in men aged 70 years or more was 13.484, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 8.336–21.811; In men with BPH was 11.182, 95% CI 6.440–19.416; In men who lived in limestone mountain area was 1.894, 95% CI 1.242–2.887; In men whose occupation is mainly outdoor was 3.240, 95% CI 1.954–5.375, compared to reference groups. Conclusions: Age, BPH, geography of residence, and occupation were predictors of bladder calculi in men (AU)