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Factores asociados a las alteraciones del test de papanicolaou Costa Rica, 2009 / Factors associated with changes in PAP smears in a health center Costa Rica, 2009
Abarca Gómez, Leandra; Salas Estrada, Maricela; Calvo León, Deyanira; Freer Vargas, Julia; Cordero, Paula.
Affiliation
  • Abarca Gómez, Leandra; Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. CR
  • Salas Estrada, Maricela; Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. CR
  • Calvo León, Deyanira; Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. CR
  • Freer Vargas, Julia; Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. CR
  • Cordero, Paula; Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. CR
Rev. costarric. salud pública ; 23(1): 8-12, ene.-jun. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-729698
Responsible library: CR1.1
RESUMEN
El cáncer cervicouterino es en el mundo y en Costa Rica una de las 3 primeras causas de cáncer en las mujeres. La detección temprana de lesiones premalignas o malignas mejora el pronóstico de las usuarias.

Objetivo:

Encontrar si hay factores asociados a las alteraciones de la citología vaginal en un área de salud urbana de Costa Rica durante 2009.

Metodología:

Estudio de casos y controles en usuarias de una área de salud urbana de Costa Rica durante 2009. Se definió caso como toda mujer residente de esa área que presentara una citología vaginal alterada, displasia leve, moderada, severa o carcinoma durante 2009. Los controles se seleccionaron de forma aleatoria simple, tomando como marco muestral el registro de mujeres que se habían realizado citologías vaginales durante el 2009 en esa área. La recolección de la información se hizo a través de un cuestionario. Se calcularon medidas de frecuencia, de tendencia central y dispersión, OR, IC 95 %.

Resultados:

Se incluyeron 62 casos y 137 controles. La edad promedio de los casos fue 43 años (DE±17). El ASCUS fue la lesión más frecuente 39 % (IC 95 %=22,43-51,93). Los factores asociados a la aparición de lesiones fueron tabaco (OR=2.35; IC 95 %=1,26-4,31), inicio de actividad sexual antes de 18 años (OR=2;I C 95 %=1,06-3,64) y haber tenido 3 o más compañeros sexuales (OR=2, 10;IC 95 % 1,11-3,97).

Discusión:

Se encontró similitud entre lo descrito en la literatura y lo hallado en este estudio. Se recomendó dar a conocer este estudio a las mujeres de esa área de salud, ya que los factores encontrados son modificables y además se planteó a la dirección del área realizar campañas de promoción y prevención que fomenten conductas sexuales sanas.
ABSTRACT
Cervical cancer is among the leading causes of cancer in women globally; in Costa Rica it is among the top three causes. Although the PAP smears is part of the guidelines of care for women, the coverage in some areas of health is low.

Objective:

Identify demographic and clinical factors associated with abnormal Pap test results

Methods:

We conducted a health center-based case-control study. A case was defined as any woman seeking care in a health center during 2009, having a Pap test positive for either cells of undetermined significance (Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance) mild, moderate or severe dysplasia. Controls were selected by simple random sampling using records of women seen at the same health centers in 2009 and having normal PAP smears. Odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for associations between potential risk factors and abnormal PAP smears.

Results:

We identified 62 cases and 137 controls. The average age of cases was 43 was not significantly different from that of controls (Student t p = 0,90). ASCUS was the most frequent cause of abnormal cytology (39 %). Factors found to be significantly associated with abnormal cytology were tobacco use (OR=2,35; 95 % CI=1,26-4,31), onset of sexual activity before age 18 (OR=2,0; 95 % CI=1,06-3,64) and having a history of > 3 sexual partners (OR=2,0; 95 % CI=1,11-3,97).

Conclusions:

There was similarity between risk factors we identified as described in the literature, like onset of sexual activity before age 18 and have history of 3 or more sexual parthers. These are common risk factors associated with HPV infection. Our study was limited by the failure to follow-up colposcopy results for definitive diagnoses and no HPV test. Considering these risk factors represent modifiable health behaviors, we recommended dissemination of our findings to local health authorities in order to generate intervention strategies to promote responsible, healthy sexual behaviors as how to reduce tobacco consumption and develop healthy sexual habits.
Subject(s)

Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: LILACS Main subject: Carcinoma / Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Costa Rica / Papanicolaou Test Type of study: Controlled clinical trial / Practice guideline / Observational study / Prognostic study / Qualitative research / Risk factors Limits: Female / Humans Country/Region as subject: Central America / Costa Rica Language: Spanish Journal: Rev. costarric. salud pública Journal subject: Public Health Year: 2014 Document type: Article Affiliation country: Costa Rica Institution/Affiliation country: Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social/CR
Full text: Available Collection: International databases Database: LILACS Main subject: Carcinoma / Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Costa Rica / Papanicolaou Test Type of study: Controlled clinical trial / Practice guideline / Observational study / Prognostic study / Qualitative research / Risk factors Limits: Female / Humans Country/Region as subject: Central America / Costa Rica Language: Spanish Journal: Rev. costarric. salud pública Journal subject: Public Health Year: 2014 Document type: Article Affiliation country: Costa Rica Institution/Affiliation country: Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social/CR
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