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Neurochemical and electrophysiological diagnosis of reversible neurotoxicity in earthworms exposed to sublethal concentrations of CL-20.
Gong, Ping; Basu, Niladri; Scheuhammer, Anton M; Perkins, Edward J.
Affiliation
  • Gong P; SpecPro Inc., 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA. ping.gong@us.army.mil
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 17(1): 181-6, 2010 Jan.
Article in En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19274471
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is a relatively new energetic compound sharing some degree of structural similarity with hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), a known neurotoxic compound. Previously, we demonstrated using a noninvasive electrophysiological technique that CL-20 was a more potent neurotoxicant than RDX to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. In the present study, we investigated the effect of CL-20 exposure and subsequent recovery on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) to further define the mechanism of reversible neurotoxicity of CL-20 in E. fetida. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a noninvasive electrophysiological technique to evaluate neurotoxicity in CL-20-treated worms, and then measured how such exposures altered levels of whole-body mAChR in the same animals. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A good correlation exists between these two types of endpoints. Effect on mAChR levels was most prominent at day 6 of exposure. After 7 days of recovery, both conduction velocity and mAChR were significantly restored. Our results show that sublethal concentrations of CL-20 significantly reduced mAChR levels in a concentration- and duration-dependent manner, which was accompanied with significant decreases in the conduction velocity of the medial and lateral giant nerve fibers. After 7-day post exposure recovery, worms restored both neurochemical (mAChR) and neurophysiological (conduction velocity) endpoints that were reduced during 6-day exposures to CL-20 concentrations from 0.02 to 0.22 microg/cm(2). CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Our findings support the idea that CL-20 induced neurotoxic effects are reversible, and suggest that CL-20 neurotoxicity may be mediated through the cholinergic system. Future studies will investigate other neurotransmission systems such as GABA, glutamate, and monoamine. Ion channels in the nerve membrane should be examined to further define the precise mechanisms underlying CL-20 neurotoxicity.
Subject(s)

Full text: 1 Collection: 01-internacional Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Oligochaeta / Aza Compounds / Electrophysiology / Environmental Exposure / Explosive Agents / Heterocyclic Compounds / Neurotoxins Type of study: Diagnostic_studies Limits: Animals Language: En Journal: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Journal subject: SAUDE AMBIENTAL / TOXICOLOGIA Year: 2010 Document type: Article Affiliation country: United States Country of publication: Germany

Full text: 1 Collection: 01-internacional Database: MEDLINE Main subject: Oligochaeta / Aza Compounds / Electrophysiology / Environmental Exposure / Explosive Agents / Heterocyclic Compounds / Neurotoxins Type of study: Diagnostic_studies Limits: Animals Language: En Journal: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Journal subject: SAUDE AMBIENTAL / TOXICOLOGIA Year: 2010 Document type: Article Affiliation country: United States Country of publication: Germany