Clinical characteristics, etiology, management and outcome of hematospermia: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Hematospermia is an uncommon symptom but can cause significant anxiety among the patient and his partner. The available data on the underlying etiology, management and outcome are variable and inconsistent. This systematic review was aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, etiology, treatment and outcomes of hematospermia. METHODS: Keywords were searched in PubMed, Scopus, LILACS and Google Scholar. Relevant articles were manually added from the list of references of eligible articles. Studies with a considerable assessment of patients with hematospermia were included. Qualitative analysis was performed using the available data. RESULTS: Twenty studies (Fifteen prospective and five retrospective, n=2079 patients, mean age =46.2 (range: 15-89) years) were eligible. Community screening reported a 0.5% prevalence of hematospermia (one study). Majority had hematospermia as the main/only symptom while dysuria (n=38/232, 16.4%), lower urinary tract symptoms (n=113/833, 13.6%), Hematuria (65/566, 11.5%) and testicular pain (n=68/631, 10.7%), were associated in some patients. Suspicious rectal examination (one study) and elevated PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) levels (four studies) were indicative of sinister pathologies. Common etiologies were urogenital infections/inflammatory conditions followed by prostatic, seminal vesicular or urethral calculi. Malignancies were detected in 5.4% (n=74/1362, 11 studies) of patients >40 years old and the majority had prostate cancers (67/74, 90.5%). Etiology was unknown in 51.8% (n=603/1163). Definitive treatment of the underlying etiology (n=260/347, 74.9%) resolved the symptoms while spontaneous resolution occurred in the vast majority 88.9% (n=168/189) with unknown etiology. CONCLUSIONS: Hematospermia is relatively an innocent symptom. Malignancies are rare and occurred in men over 40 years. Clinical assessment including a rectal examination and a PSA level would be sufficient to identify most causes. Urogenital infections/inflammation and prostatic calculi are the commonly found etiologies. There was no identifiable cause in almost half of those with hematospermia. The majority has a benign course.