Effects of exercise anticipation on cardiorespiratory coherence.

In this study, we explored the role of feedforward mechanisms in triggering cardiorespiratory adjustments before the onset of exercise. To isolate the feedforward aspects, we examined the effect of exercise anticipation on cardiorespiratory coherence. Twenty-nine healthy males (age = 18.8 [0.96] years) were subjected to bicycle (BE) and handgrip exercise (H) at two different intensities, viz., low and high. Bicycle exercise was performed in a unilateral (left- and right-sided) or bilateral mode, whereas handgrip was performed only in a unilateral mode. Single-lead ECG and respiratory rhythm, measured in the 5 min of anticipation phase before the onset of exercise, were used for analysis. Coherence was computed between ECG-derived instantaneous heart rate and respiratory signal. Average coherence in the high-frequency band (0.15-0.4 Hz) was used to estimate respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). We found that coherence decreased with the anticipation of exercise relative to baseline (baseline = 0.54 [0.16], BE = 0.41 [0.12], H = 0.39 [0.12], p < 0.001). The decrease was greater for high intensity exercise (low = 0.42 [0.11], high = 0.37 [0.1], p < 0.001). The fall of coherence with intensity was stronger for bicycle exercise (BE: low = 0.44 [0.12], high = 0.37 [0.12], H: low = 0.4 [0.12], high = 0.37 [0.12], p = 0.00433). The expectation of bilateral exercise resulted in lower coherence compared to unilateral exercise (right-sided = 0.45 [0.16], left-sided = 0.4 [0.16], bilateral = 0.36 [0.15], unilateral vs. bilateral: p < 0.001), and the left-sided exercise had lower coherence compared to that of the right (left-sided vs. right-sided: p = 0.00925). Handgrip exercise showed similar trend (right-sided = 0.4 [0.15], left-sided = 0.37 [0.14], p = 0.0056). In conclusion, feedforward RSA adjustments in anticipation of exercise covaried with subsequent exercise-related features like intensity, muscle mass (unilateral vs. bilateral), and the exercise side (left vs. right). The left versus the right difference in coherence indicates autonomic asymmetry. Feedforward changes in RSA are like those seen during actual exercise and might facilitate the rapid phase transition between rest and exercise.