New perspective for pathomechanism and clinical applications of animal toxins: Programmed cell death.

ABSTRACT

Various animal toxins pose a significant threat to human safety, necessitating urgent attention to their treatment and research. The clinical potential of programmed cell death (PCD) is widely regarded as a target for envenomation, given its crucial role in regulating physiological and pathophysiological processes. Current research on animal toxins examines their specific components in pathomechanisms and injuries, as well as their clinical applications. This review explores the relationship between various toxins and several types of PCD, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis, to provide a reference for future understanding of the pathophysiology of toxins and the development of their potential clinical value.