Validation of a focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) to rapidly titrate human SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies by using the CTL Immunospot S6 universal analyzer.

ABSTRACT

In this paper we describe the validation of a focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) to quantitate human SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies by using the CTL Immunospot S6 Universal Analyzer. We employed a previously published protocol and compared its performances to a well-established and traditional serum-neutralization assay (SN). To assess diagnostic sensitivity, a total number of 201 human sera positive by SN for SARS-CoV-2 NAbs were processed 196/201 tested positive by FRNT50 (97.51 %). A diagnostic specificity of 100 % was obtained by evaluating 206 negative serum samples. Repeatability of the test was evaluated by determining the intra and inter-assay coefficient of variation (CV). A standard deviation of 0.83 and a CV of 13 % were evidenced demonstrating an acceptable reproducibility of the assay. Moreover, a Cohen's Kappa of 0.975 was obtained proving an extremely high level of agreement between the FRNT protocol and the SN. Despite an acceptable correlation between methods (p < 0.05), FRNT demonstrated a statistically significant increase in NAbs titres compared to SN as well as higher data variability and asymmetry. These discrepancies could be attributed to FRNT sensitivity or most probably to the subjective interpretation of SN, although this aspect needs to be further investigated with a more representative number of samples. Basing on our results, it is reasonable to replace the SN with the FRNT assay as, with this, fast processing time (less than 2 days) and operator bias-free results registrations are guaranteed.