Depression, brain structure and socioeconomic status: A UK Biobank study.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Depression results from interactions between biological, social, and psychological factors. Literature shows that depression is associated with abnormal brain structure, and that socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with depression and brain structure. However, limited research considers the interaction between each of these factors. METHODS: Multivariate regression analysis was conducted using UK Biobank data on 39,995 participants to examine the relationship between depression and brain volume in 23 cortical regions for the whole sample and then separated by sex. It then examined whether SES affected this relationship. RESULTS: Eight out of 23 brain areas had significant negative associations with depression in the whole population. However, these relationships were abolished in seven areas when SES was included in the analysis. For females, three regions had significant negative associations with depression when SES was not included, but only one when it was. For males, lower volume in six regions was significantly associated with higher depression without SES, but this relationship was abolished in four regions when SES was included. The precentral gyrus was robustly associated with depression across all analyses. LIMITATIONS: Participants with conditions that could affect the brain were not excluded. UK Biobank is not representative of the general population which may limit generalisability. SES was made up of education and income which were not considered separately. CONCLUSIONS: SES affects the relationship between depression and cortical brain volume. Health practitioners and researchers should consider this when working with imaging data in these populations.