mRNA vaccines and hybrid immunity use different B cell germlines to neutralize Omicron BA.4 and BA.5

ABSTRACT

SARS-CoV-2 omicron BA.4 and BA.5, characterized by high transmissibility and ability to escape natural and vaccine induced immunity, are rampaging worldwide. To understand the escape mechanisms, we tested the neutralizing activity against omicron BA.4 and BA.5 of a panel of 482 human monoclonal antibodies that had been isolated from people who received two or three mRNA vaccine doses or from people that had been vaccinated after infection. None of the antibodies isolated after two vaccine doses neutralized omicron BA.4 and BA.5, while these variants were neutralized by approximately 15% of antibodies obtained from people that received three doses or had been vaccinated after infection. Remarkably, the antibodies isolated after three vaccine doses targeted mainly the receptor binding domain (RBD) Class 1/2 epitope region and were encoded by the IGHV1-69 and IGHV3-66 B cell germlines, while the antibodies isolated after infection recognized mostly the RBD Class 3 epitope region and the NTD, and were encoded by the IGHV2-5;IGHJ4-1 and IGHV1-24;IGHJ4-1 germlines. The observation that mRNA vaccination and hybrid immunity elicit a different immunity against the same antigen is intriguing and its understanding may help to design the next generation of therapeutics and vaccines against COVID-19.