The COVID-19 pandemic and its prolonged impacts on food prices, food consumption and diet quality in sub-Saharan Africa

ABSTRACT

BackgroundSub-Saharan Africa faces prolonged COVID-19 related impacts on economic activity, livelihoods, nutrition, and food security, with recovery slowed down by lagging vaccination progress. ObjectiveThis study investigated the economic impacts of COVID-19 on food prices, consumption and dietary quality in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Tanzania. MethodsWe conducted a repeated cross-sectional study and used a mobile platform to collect data. Data collected from round 1 (July-November, 2020) and round 2 (July-December, 2021) were considered. We assessed participants dietary intake of 20 food groups over the previous seven days. The studys primary outcome was the Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS), with higher scores indicating better dietary quality. We used linear regression and generalized estimating equations to assess factors associated with diet quality during COVID-19. ResultsMost of the respondents were male and the mean age ({+/-}SD) was 42.4 ({+/-}12.5) years. Mean PDQS ({+/-}SD) was low at 19.1 ({+/-}3.8) before COVID-19, 18.6({+/-}3.4) in Round 1, and 19.4({+/-}3.8) in Round 2. A majority of respondents (80%) reported higher than expected prices for all food groups during the pandemic. Secondary education or higher (estimate 0.73, 95% CI 0.32, 1.15), older age (estimate 30-39 years 0.77, 95% CI 0.35, 1.19, or 40 years or older 0.72, 95% CI 0.30, 1.13), and medium wealth status (estimate 0.48, 95% CI 0.14, 0.81) were associated with higher PDQS. Farmers and casual laborers (estimate -0.60, 95% CI -1.11, - 0.09), lower crop production (estimate -0.87, 95% CI -1.28, -0.46) and not engaged in farming (estimate -1.38, 95% CI -1.74, -1.02) associated with lower PDQS. ConclusionDiet quality which had declined early in the pandemic had started to improve. However, consumption of healthy diets remained low, and food prices remained high. Efforts should continue to improve diet quality for sustained nutrition recovery through mitigation measures, including social protection.