Dissolution of copper oxide nanoparticles is controlled by soil solution pH, dissolved organic matter, and particle specific surface area.

Dissolution is the primary process affecting the bioavailability and toxicity of nanoscale copper oxide (nano-CuO) to plants and soil organisms. In this study, particle morphology, organic acid, and soil properties were considered to understand the dissolution characteristics of nano-CuO in soil solutions. The results showed that the copper ions (Cu2+) released from spherical nano-CuO (CuO NPs), tubular nano-CuO (CuO NTs), and spherical microsized CuO (CuO MPs) in the ten soil solutions were 26.6-4194.0 µg/L, 4.90-217.1 µg/L, and 10.8-326.0 µg/L, respectively. The concentration of Cu2+ was negatively correlated with the pH of the soil solution and positively correlated with the contents of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), aluminum, and manganese. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis indicated that the dissolution of CuO NPs could be well predicted by pH and DOC contents of the soil solutions. In the GD soil solution (acidic), 4- and 8-fold of the DOC content amendments significantly promoted the dissolution of the three sizes of CuOs, resulting in an increase of Cu2+ 4.55-11.3 and 5.67-16.2 times, respectively. In the CQ soil solution (neutral), 8-fold DOC amendments increase the release of Cu2+ 2.13-16.6 times. While in the SD soil solution (alkaline), promoting effect on the dissolution was only observed for nano-CuOs, with Cu2+ elevated by factors of 1.56-4.64 and 1.38-4.48. The amendments of Al3+ and Mn2+ in soil solution increased the amounts of Cu2+ 1.13-4.80 and 1.02-1.46 times in the GD soil solution. In comparison, no significant promoting effects were observed in CQ and SD soil solutions due to their stronger buffering capacities. These findings offer insight into the dissolution behavior of nano-CuOs in soils and be helpful to evaluate their environmental risks.