Early detection of emerging infectious diseases - implications for vaccine development.

Vast quantities of open-source data from news reports, social media and other sources can be harnessed using artificial intelligence and machine learning, and utilised to generate valid early warning signals of emerging epidemics. Early warning signals from open-source data are not a replacement for traditional, validated disease surveillance, but provide a trigger for earlier investigation and diagnostics. This may yield earlier pathogen characterisation and genomic data, which can enable earlier vaccine development or deployment of vaccines. Early warning also provides a more feasible prospect of stamping out epidemics before they spread. There are several of such systems currently, but they are not used widely in public health practice, and only some are publicly available. Routine and widespread use of open-source intelligence, as well as training and capacity building in digital surveillance, will improve pandemic preparedness and early response capability.