How Did We Get Here and Where Are We Going? Career Trajectories of United States General Surgery Residency Program Directors.

OBJECTIVE: To develop the future of United States (US) surgical education leadership, surgical trainees and early career faculty who aspire to become program directors (PDs) must understand the potential career pathways and requisite skills and experience to become a general surgery residency PD. The objective of this study was to understand the demographics, career experiences, and professional satisfaction of US PDs in general surgery. DESIGN: An anonymous, cross-sectional survey utilizing a novel instrument. SETTING: An electronic survey distributed to US general surgery PDs between June and November 2022 PARTICIPANTS: PDs of US general surgery residency programs. A list of the Accrediting Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited general surgery PDs was created from the ACGME list from the 2022 to 23 academic year. RESULTS: The survey achieved a response rate of 46.2% (159/344). Only 32.1% of PDs identified as female and 67.3% identified as male with 1 respondent preferring not to identify their gender. PDs were White or Caucasian (68.6%), Asian (13.8%), and Black (3.7%); 4.4% were Hispanic or Latino. Only 83.7% of PDs completed fellowship training. PDs have been in the role for an average of 5.5 ± 4.9 years. The PDs were compensated for an average of 54.7% (±14.9% SD, 0%-100% range) of their time towards clinical duties. They were compensated on average for 35.7% (±12.6%, 0%-100%) of effort for residency-related administrative duties. Only 5% of PDs had obtained or were enrolled in an education-related degree. Only 55.4% of PDs had received formal surgical education training in teaching and assessment. 54.1% of PDs were interested in obtaining a more senior leadership position in the future. Most PDs (38.4%) expect to serve as PD for 5 to 8 years in total. Overall, the majority of PDs were very satisfied (29.6%) or satisfied (51.6%) professionally; similarly 28.9% were very satisfied and 48.4% satisfied personally. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the most up-to-date characterization of the personal, academic, and career-related features of current surgical residency PDs across the US. PDs enjoy a high degree of professional and personal satisfaction and most aspire to increasing leadership within their organizations. Compared to prior data, PDs have become more diverse in terms of both gender and race over time. Opportunities exist for increased mentorship of aspiring and current PDs as well as increased training in teaching and assessment.