Antimicrobial peptides in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus / Peptídeos antimicrobianos em Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

ABSTRACT

Background: The arthropod Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a hematophagous ectoparasite that transmits a wide number of microorganisms to their host such as bacteria Anaplasma marginale. Anaplasmosis is responsible for serious damages to livestock due to mortality caused in herds, decrease in milk production and weight gain and expenses with prevention and control. Is an enzootic disease in temperate, subtropical and tropical countries. In these regions, cattle contamination may occur biologically by ticks, mechanically by fl ies or iatrogenically. The immune system of invertebrates has multiple mechanisms, but it is simpler than the immune system of vertebrates, however the ticks have a wide variety of protection mechanisms, including production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which act directly against invading pathogens. To this date, only a few AMPs have been described in R. microplus, and little is known about the activity of these AMPs against A. marginale.Review The tick R. microplus has several mechanisms to protect itself against invading microorganisms. Besides a protective cuticle and epithelia lining which are part of the fi rst line of defense against pathogens, there are intermediate compounds of melanization, coagulation, phagocytosis, encapsulation, nodule formation, reactive oxygen species, proteins such as cystatins and additionally a vast repertoire o

RESUMO

Background: The arthropod Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a hematophagous ectoparasite that transmits a wide number of microorganisms to their host such as bacteria Anaplasma marginale. Anaplasmosis is responsible for serious damages to livestock due to mortality caused in herds, decrease in milk production and weight gain and expenses with prevention and control. Is an enzootic disease in temperate, subtropical and tropical countries. In these regions, cattle contamination may occur biologically by ticks, mechanically by fl ies or iatrogenically. The immune system of invertebrates has multiple mechanisms, but it is simpler than the immune system of vertebrates, however the ticks have a wide variety of protection mechanisms, including production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which act directly against invading pathogens. To this date, only a few AMPs have been described in R. microplus, and little is known about the activity of these AMPs against A. marginale.Review The tick R. microplus has several mechanisms to protect itself against invading microorganisms. Besides a protective cuticle and epithelia lining which are part of the fi rst line of defense against pathogens, there are intermediate compounds of melanization, coagulation, phagocytosis, encapsulation, nodule formation, reactive oxygen species, proteins such as cystatins and additionally a vast repertoire o