Niños alérgicos a la leche de vaca. Cuidados nutricionales / Children who are allergic to cow's milk. Nutritional treatment

RESUMEN

La alergia-intolerancia a la proteína de la leche de vaca (APLV-IPLV) es la alergia alimentaria más frecuente en la primera infancia en nuestro medio, relacionada con factores ambientales y genéticos. Suele aparecer en los primeros meses de vida, tras la introducción de la PLV y se manifiesta con síntomas dependientes del mecanismo involucrado (inmunológico o no). El diagnóstico se realiza a través de la historia y se completa con pruebas de laboratorio. El tratamiento consiste en la exclusión de la PLV de la dieta. Las fórmulas derivadas de la leche de vaca se sustituyen por una fórmula hidrolizada o de soja. El pronóstico es bueno los pacientes responden a la dieta de exclusión y en la mayoría de ellos se logra la tolerancia a la PLV. El rol de la enfermera resulta fundamental en la educación a los padres y, posteriormente, del propio niño, para lograr una dieta completamente exenta de proteínas de leche de vaca (PLV)(AU)

ABSTRACT

An allergy or intolerance to cow's milk protein (APLV-IPLV) is the most frequent food allergy among early childhood in our environment, related to genetic and environmental factors. This allergy tends to appear during the first few months of life, after the introduction of cow's milk protein in a child's diet and it manifests itself with symptoms which depend on foreign matter being introduced (immunological or otherwise). A diagnosis is made by means of the patient's case history and is completed by laboratory tests. Treatment consists of excluding cow's milk protein from the child's diet. Formulas derived from cow's milk are substituted by a hydrolyzed formula or one based on soybean. The prognosis is good patients respond to this diet which does not include cow's milk protein and the majority of patients succeed in forming tolerance for cow's milk protein. A nurse's role is fundamental in educating parents and later on the child in order to achieve following a diet which completely eliminates cow's milk protein (PLV)(AU)