Peripheral ocular motor disorders.

In the reviewed period, articles on peripheral eye movement disorders covered interesting aspects. Localizing value of associated signs, repetitive presentations of palsies, and classical quotations are stressed for the oculomotor nerve. The superior oblique is correlated to central nervous system disorders when overacting in pediatric patients or when ocular torsion is matched to the perceived vertical tilt. The family "pseudo" brought two of its members: "pseudo" myasthenia and "pseudo" myotonia. Mitochondrial citopathies with ocular manifestations can overlap among the different clinical types, eg, Kearns-Sayre, MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy-lactic acidosis and strokelike episodes), MERFF (myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers). The diagnostic value of DNA mutations is emphasized in those syndromes. Imaging of the carotid arteries provides useful hints in cases where the lumen is narrowed due to internal processes or external compression; its interpretation is not only of diagnostic but of prognostic value. Certain otorhinolaryngology surgical procedures can damage the orbital muscles and produce serious inconvenience to the ocular motility. Analyzing the involved structures the therapeutic gesture can be determined. Diplopia after cataract surgery or retinal detachment repair is due to different factors, anesthetics, or implant location and is implied in every case.