Critical issues for stormwater ponds: learning from a decade of research.

The Queen's University/National Water Research Institute Stormwater Quality Enhancement Group has been actively researching stormwater ponds for the past decade, using a fully instrumented on-line system in Kingston, Ontario, Canada as a representative field installation of this group of stormwater best management practices, along with comprehensive surveys of other facilities as well. From this body of research, the Group has concluded that there are a number of identifiable factors, termed critical issues, which will significantly influence the success, failure and sustainability of these BMPs. Such factors will be important to a very diverse group of stakeholders in stormwater management, including designers, owners/operators, regulatory authorities and the general public. These factors can be grouped within the categories of initial design, operation and maintenance, performance and adaptive design. From this work, it is concluded that the so-called first generation quantity-control ponds may be outdated today, compared with the modern focus on quantity and quality issues in the second generation systems; nonetheless, without consideration of these critical issues and flexible design practices which can account for emerging or future issues, the current systems also run the risk of becoming outdated before the end of their design lives.