Spatio-temporal evolution of climbing habit in the Dahlia-Hidalgoa group (Coreopsidae, Asteraceae).

In this paper we focus on Hidalgoa, a small genus distributed in cloud forest from Mexico to Colombia with the uncommon climbing habit of enlarging its petioles. This genus belongs to tribe Coreopsideae (Asteraceae), a group mostly from the Neotropics with a few taxa in Oceania and Polynesia. The phylogenetic position of Hidalgoa has not yet been determined though it will most probably be closely related to Dahlia. The aim of this paper is to understand the ecological and evolutionary consequences of the shift to a climbing growth form using a spatio-temporal approach to phylogenetic analyses, and by testing evolutionary models for ecological niche. Our results identified that Hidalgoa formed a sub- clade in a grade with Dahlia, with divergence occurring in the Pliocene. The ancestral life form for this clade was cryptophytic (e.g. geophytes). Analyses using the climate variables most important to the elements of the Dahlia-Hidalgoa clade indicate that they share the same preferences. Moreover, visualization by traitgrams of the significant climate variables shows no departure among clades. These results suggest that no evolutionary or ecological consequences have yet manifested, and that Hidalgoa can be considered a climbing Dahlia.