Evaporation in Brazilian dryland reservoirs: Spatial variability and impact of riparian vegetation.

Evaporation is a major factor controlling the hydrological dynamics of surface water reservoirs in dry environments, therefore quantification with minimal uncertainties is desired. The aim of this paper is to assess the spatial variability and impact of riparian vegetation on reservoir evaporation by remote sensing. Eight reservoirs located in subhumid and semi-arid climates in the Brazilian Drylands were studied. Scenes from Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 satellites (1985 and 2018) supplied the data for four evaporation models. For reference evaporation, the Class A Pan and Piché Evaporimeter closest to the reservoirs were considered. The occurrence/density of riparian vegetation was associated with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and its influence on evaporation was assessed. The Surface Energy Balance System for Water (AquaSEBS) model presented the best average performance (Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient 0.40 ± 0.19). Evaporation was observed to be higher at the reservoirs' margins and near the dams, due to the contact of exposed soil and rock/concrete, respectively, which transfer heat to the water. Marginal areas near the riparian forest presented low evaporation rates with decreases between 18% and 31% in relation to the average. This interdependence was evidenced by the high negative correlation (R2 0.87-0.96) between NDVI and evaporation; vegetation reduces radiation because of the shading of the reservoir margin and changes local aerodynamics, reducing evaporation. Depending on the spatial variability of evaporation, it was found that the volumes transferred to the atmosphere may have variations of up to 30%. On average, the evaporated volume in all the studied reservoirs is 450,000 m3/day, a quantity enough to supply more than two million people. Overall, the results of this study contribute not only to a better understanding of the spatial variability of evaporation in surface reservoirs, but also of the interdependence between riparian vegetation and evaporation rates.