Toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of plumbagin in the developmental stages of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818-intermediate host) and cercaricidal activity against the infectious agent of schistosomiasis mansoni.

BACKGROUND: Snails of the genus Biomphalaria are intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, the main etiological agent of schistosomiasis mansoni, which affects about 236.6 million people in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The World Health Organization recommends the population control of vector snails as one of the strategies to reduce the prevalence and incidence of schistosomiasis. In this study, molluscicidal and antiparasitic activities of plumbagin, a naturally sourced naphthoquinone with a range of biological effects, were evaluated against B. glabrata and cercariae of S. mansoni. RESULTS: After 24 h of exposure, plumbagin demonstrated molluscicidal activity at low concentrations against embryos (LC50 of 0.56, 0.93, 0.68, 0.51 and 0.74 µg mL-1 for the blastula, gastrula, trochophore, veliger and hippo stage, respectively) and adult snails (LC50 of 3.56 µg mL-1 ). There were no changes in exposed snails' fecundity or fertility; however, plumbagin was able to increase the frequency of DNA damage and the number of hemocytes, with apoptosis and binucleation being the main hemocyte alterations. In addition, plumbagin showed death of S. mansoni cercariae in the concentration of 1.5 µg mL-1 in 60 min, while showing moderate toxicity to Artemia salina. CONCLUSION: Plumbagin proved to be a promising substance for the control of B. glabrata population, intermediate host of S. mansoni, as well as the cercariae, infective stage for humans (definitive host), while being moderately toxic to A. salina, a crustacean widely used in ecotoxicity tests. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.