The pH-specific response of soil resistome to triclocarban and arsenic co-contamination.

ABSTRACT

Heavy metals as well as disinfectants affect the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil microbes, however, their cumulative impacts on the proliferation of ARGs are not well studied. In addition, both the chemical stability/availability and ARG profiles are affected by the soil pH, but it has never been considered in the systematic evaluation of soil resistome. In the present study, a microcosm experiment was conducted to study the combined effects of arsenic and triclocarban on the resistome in soil samples with variable pH (pH 4-7). The simultaneous additions of arsenic and triclocarban increase the ARG abundance at pH > 6, because of the intensive co-selective pressures triggered by the increase in concentrations of available arsenic and triclocarban. The occurrence of multidrug ARGs increases with the addition of arsenic and triclocarban, due to the preferred selection of their functional flexibility. The presence of arsenic and triclocarban is strongly related to the spread of MGEs affecting the soil resistome. Furthermore, pH alters the patterns of microbial inhabitants, increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidota and Proteobacteria and contributing to the prevalence of tetracycline and sulfonamide ARGs at neutral pH. These findings have insight that the effects of arsenic and triclocarban co-contamination on the soil antibiotic resistome is pH dependent.