Secondary contact zone and genetic introgression in closely related haplodiploid social spider mites.

ABSTRACT

How frequently hybridisation and gene flow occur in the contact zones of diverging taxa is important for understanding the speciation process. Stigmaeopsis sabelisi and Stigmaeopsis miscanthi high-aggression form (hereafter, S. miscanthi HG) are haplodiploid, social spider mites that infest the Chinese silver grass, Miscanthus sinensis. These two species are closely related and parapatrically distributed in Japan. In mountainous areas, S. sabelisi and S. miscanthi HG are often found in the highlands and lowlands, respectively, suggesting that they are in contact at intermediate altitudes. It is estimated that they diverged from their common ancestors distributed in subtropical regions (south of Japan) during the last glacial period, expanded their distribution into the Japanese Archipelago, and came to have such a parapatric distribution (secondary contact). As their reproductive isolation is strong but incomplete, hybridisation and genetic introgression are expected at their distributional boundaries. In this study, we investigated their spatial distribution patterns along the elevation on Mt. Amagi using male morphological differences, and investigated their hybridisation status using single-nucleotide polymorphisms by MIG-seq. We found their contact zone at altitudes of 150-430 m, suggesting that their contact zone is prevalent in the parapatric area, which is in line with a previous study. Interspecific mating was predicted based on the sex ratio in the contact zone. No obvious hybrids were found, but genetic introgression was detected although it was extremely low.