Development of a sensor to detect methylmercury toxicity.

ABSTRACT

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a well-known neurotoxicant that induces various cellular functions depending on cellular- and developmental-specific vulnerabilities. MeHg has a high affinity for selenol and thiol groups, thus impairing the antioxidant system. Such affinity characteristics of MeHg led us to develop sensor vectors to assess MeHg toxicity. In this study, MeHg-mediated defects in selenocysteine (Sec) incorporation were demonstrated using thioredoxin reductase 1 cDNA fused with the hemagglutinin tag sequence at the C-terminus. Taking advantage of such MeHg-mediated defects in Sec incorporation, a cDNA encoding luciferase with a Sec substituted for cysteine-491 was constructed. This construct showed MeHg-induced decreases in signaling in a dose-dependent manner. To directly detect truncated luciferase under MeHg exposure, we further constructed a new sensor vector fused with a target for proteasomal degradation. However, this construct was inadequate because of the low rate of Sec insertion, even in the absence of MeHg. Finally, a Krab transcriptional suppressor fused with Sec was constructed and assessed to demonstrate MeHg-dependent increases in signal intensity. We confirmed that the vector responded specifically and in a dose-dependent manner to MeHg in cultured cerebellar granule cells. This vector is expected to allow monitoring of MeHg-specific toxicity via spatial and temporal imaging.