Risks of Hyperopia, Myopia, Astigmatism, and Strabismus in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: In this population-based cohort study, we compared the risks of incident hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, and strabismus between children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and children without ASD. METHODS: This study included children who were born in Taiwan at any time between 2004 and 2017. Data were collected from the Taiwan Maternal and Child Health Database. We included 20,688 children with ASD and 2,062,120 matched controls to estimate the risks of incident hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, and strabismus. Cox proportional hazards regression models were constructed for risk assessment. The models were adjusted for sex, calendar year of birth, and gestational age at birth. Statistical significance was determined by calculating adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Children with ASD had higher risks of incident hyperopia (aHR 1.78; 95% CI 1.70-1.86), myopia (aHR 1.27; 95% CI 1.24-1.30), astigmatism (aHR 1.51; 95% CI 1.46-1.56), and strabismus (aHR 2.18; 95% CI 2.05-2.32) than did those without it. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should screen children with ASD for potential ophthalmic conditions. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the associations between ASD and ophthalmic diseases. The roles of types and severities of ASD symptoms in detecting ophthalmic disease also requires further study.