An analytical approach for determining contact angle hysteresis on smooth, micropillared, and micropored homogeneous surfaces.

ABSTRACT

HYPOTHESIS: Numerous theoretical models have been developed from various research perspectives, including free energy analysis, force balance, and contact line dynamics, to elucidate the contact angle hysteresis on solid surfaces, especially for superhydrophobic surfaces. However, these models can produce inconsistent predictions, and few of them account for contact angle hysteresis on smooth and microstructured surfaces simultaneously. THEORY Formulas for advancing and receding free energy barriers of drops on different solid surfaces were derived, and then these formulas were simplified by incorporating the geometric constraint equation of drops, leading to an establishment of analytical models. FINDINGS: This study presented a unified approach for deriving analytical models of contact angle hysteresis for various wetting systems, including drops on smooth homogeneous surfaces, Cassie drops on micropillared and micropored homogeneous surfaces, and Wenzel drops on micropillared homogeneous surfaces. The established models revealed a significant impact of frictional tension, and of the change in free energy during drop motion, on the free energy barriers. These models were fully derived thermodynamically without subsequent theoretical modifications and found to agree well with experimental results. Some of the models in this study were validated using other existing models, despite the models having been developed using completely different approaches.