Indirect Effects of COVID-19 on Maternal, Neonatal, Child, Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in Kampala, Uganda

ABSTRACT

BackgroundCOVID-19 impacted global maternal, neonatal and child health outcomes. We hypothesised that the early, strict lockdown which restricted individuals movements in Uganda limited access to services. MethodsAn observational study, using routinely collected data from Electronic Medical Records was carried out, in Kawempe district, Kampala. An interrupted time series analysis assessed the impact on maternal, neonatal, child, sexual and reproductive health services from July 2019 to December 2020. Descriptive statistics summarised the main outcomes before (July 2019 - March 2020), during (April 2020 - June 2020) and after the national lockdown (July 2020 - December 2020). ResultsBetween 1st July 2019 and 31st December 2020 there were 14,401 antenatal clinic attendances, 33,499 deliveries, 111,658 childhood service attendances and 57,174 for sexual health. All antenatal and vaccination services ceased in lockdown for four weeks. During the three-month lockdown, the number of antenatal attendances significantly decreased, and remain below pre-COVID levels (370 fewer/month). Attendances for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV dropped then stabilised. Increases during lockdown and immediately postlockdown included the number of women treated for high blood pressure, eclampsia and pre-eclampsia (218 more/month), adverse pregnancy outcomes (stillbirths, low-birth-weight and premature infant births), the rate of neonatal unit admissions, neonatal deaths and abortions. Maternal mortality remained stable. Immunisation clinic attendance declined whilst neonatal death rate rose (from 39-49/1000 livebirths). The number of children treated for pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria decreased during lockdown. ConclusionThe Ugandan response to COVID-19 negatively impacted maternal, child and neonatal health, with an increase seen in pregnancy complications, and fetal and infant outcomes, likely due to delayed care-seeking behaviour. Decreased vaccination clinic attendance leaves a cohort of infants unprotected, affecting all vaccine-preventable diseases. Future pandemic responses must consider impacts of movement restrictions and access to preventative services to protect maternal and child health. O_TEXTBOXKEY QUESTIONS What is already known?O_LIThe response to COVID-19 has been shown to have indirectly impacted on maternal, child, neonatal, sexual, and reproductive health. C_LIO_LIThis is largely related to access to services and fear of contracting COVID-19 in outpatient departments. C_LIO_LIThere has been very little data published on the health impacts of the COVID-19 response in Uganda. C_LI What are the new findings?O_LIAntenatal attendances decreased dramatically in April, followed by increased numbers low-birthweight infants and neonatal deaths. C_LIO_LINewborn immunisations against polio, tetanus, diphtheria, hepatitis B, haemophilus influenzae, rotavirus and pneumococcus decreased significantly. C_LIO_LISexual, and reproductive health services were reduced in number. C_LI What do the new findings imply?O_LIAlthough Uganda has been less affected directly by COVID-19 infections in the first wave, the indirect impacts are far-reaching and will have future influences on population health. C_LIO_LIThere is a degree of resilience within the healthcare service, but many services were adversely affected by the lockdown leading to poorer pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. C_LIO_LIAntenatal and vaccination services are of particular importance in ensuring the safety of mother and child and must be prioritised in the responses to future pandemics. C_LI C_TEXTBOX