Escolha e transporte de ferramentas para a quebra de cocos por macacos-prego (Sapajus sp) em semi-liberdade: manipulação experimental dos custos da distância dos 'martelos' às 'bigornas' e da eficiência da ferramenta / Selection and transport of tools to crack open nuts by semifree-ranging capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp): experimental manipulation of the costs of the distance between 'hammers' and 'anvils' and efficiency of the tool

RESUMO

Experimentos realizados com grupos de macacos-prego (Sapajus sp) cativos, semilivres e livres em tarefas de escolha de ferramentas para a quebra de frutos encapsulados parecem indicar que esses primatas possuem a capacidade de distinguir ferramentas funcionais de não-funcionais e que também sejam capazes de escolher, dentre as funcionais, a ferramenta mais eficiente. Neste estudo buscamos examinar estas escolhas num grupo semi-livre de macacos-prego através de experimentos que tiveram como objetivos gerais analisar possíveis preferências por martelos de determinados pesos e os efeitos de custos e benefícios associados ao seu transporte e manejo, verificando se essas preferências se modificam em função da distância de transporte até o local de uso (as bigornas) ou do grau de dureza dos cocos oferecidos. Encontramos uma preferência dos juvenis por martelos mais pesados que os escolhidos pelos adultos, o que pode refletir uma compensação daqueles, menores e mais fracos, já que com um martelo mais pesado, menos golpes são necessários para romper o coco. As escolhas individuais parecem vii indicar a influência de fatores, como tamanho corporal e experiência na quebra de cocos, na escolha dos martelos em função do peso. Depois do peso, o custo (...)

ABSTRACT

Experiments with captive, semi-free and wild tufted capuchin (Sapajus sp) groups in tasks involving the selection of tools to crack encapsulated fruit seem to show that these primates can distinguish functional from non-functional tools, and also choose, among functional tools, the most efficient ones. In the present study, we investigate these choices in a semi-free group by means of experiments analyzing the potential preferences for hammer stones of a particular weight and the effects of costs and benefits associated with their transport and handling, to verify whether these preferences are modified as a function of the transport distance to their place of utilization (the anvils) or of the toughness of the available nuts. We found a preference by juveniles for heavier hammers than the ones chosen by adults, which may point to a compensation by the former, since they are smaller and weaker, and heavier hammers require less strikes to crack nuts open. Individual choices seem to indicate the influence of factor such as body size and nut cracking experience on hammer choice. ix Besides weight, the costs of transporting the tools to their utilization sites seem to be the most relevant variable examined affecting the average weight of the chosen hammers when these had to be carried to the anvils, the subjects selected lighter hammers, as compared to when hammers were made available near the anvils. The precise transport costs did not seem to be taken into account, though, since the transport distance (5m x 10m) did not affect choices. The choice of hammers of a given weight were also not significantly affected by the palm nut species made available, either Syagrus Romanzoffiana (smaller), or Atallea dubia (bigger)