ABSTRACT
Background: Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is a laborious process often executed with rudimentary low-technology mining equipment. It exposes miners to a myriad of occupational hazards, which may increase health and safety disparities between them and formally employed mine workers. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to identify workplace hazards and the associated risks; and to assess the effects of mining activities on the health and environment of artisanal diamond miners in Kimberley, Northern Cape province. Methods: This was an interdisciplinary observational ethnographic study. A workplace assessment was undertaken at seven sites in Kimberley. Participants were conveniently selected; snowballing was used to recruit additional participants. Field notes were recorded from observations. Interview questions included those about the duration of artisanal mining, and the risks faced in the workplace. Data collection included photographic documentation. An inductive and deductive process was used to analyse the data and thematic analysis was conducted. Results: The observed occupational hazards included physical (ultraviolet radiation exposure, injuries due to trauma), respiratory (silica dust exposure), biomechanical (heavy lifting, repetitive movement), and psychological (work-related stress, anxiety) hazards. There was a paucity of access to, and use of, personal protective equipment (PPE). Workers improvised ways to protect themselves, e.g. by using cloths as masks. There was no recourse to formal occupational health services and social safety networks. Conclusion: Occupational health and safety challenges included physical, biomechanical, respiratory, and psychosocial hazards. The mining activities had a detrimental impact on the environment.