Challenges to creating primary care teams in a public health centre: a co-operative inquiry

"Background: Effective teamwork between doctors and clinical nurse practitioners (CNP) is essential to the provision of quality primary care in the South African context. The Worcester Community Health Centre (CHC) is situated in a large town and offers primary care to the rural Breede Valley Sub-District of the Western Cape. The management of the CHC decided to create dedicated practice teams offering continuity of care; family-orientated care; and the integration of acute and chronic patients. The teams depended on effective collaboration between the doctors and the CNPs.Methods: A co-operative inquiry group; consisting of two facility managers; an administrator; and medical and nursing staff; met over a period of nine months and completed three cycles of planning; action; observation and reflection. The inquiry focused on the question of how more effective teams of doctors and clinical nurse practitioners offering clinical care can be created within a typical CHC.Results: The CHC had established three practice teams; but met with limited success in maintaining the teams over time. The group found that; in order for teams to work; the following are needed: A clear and shared vision and mission amongst the staff. The vision was championed by one or two leaders rather than developed collaboratively by the staff. Continuity of care was supported by the patients and doctors; but the CNPs felt more ambivalent. Family-orientated care within practices met with limited success. Integration of care was hindered by physical infrastructure and the assumptions regarding the care of ""chronics"". Enhanced practitioner-patient relationships were reported by the two teams that had staff consistently available. Significant changes in the behaviour and roles of staff. Some doctors perceived the nurse as an ""assistant"" who could be called on to run errands or perform tasks. Doctors perceived their own role as that of comprehensively managing patients in a consultation; while the CNPs still regarded themselves as nurses who should rotate to other duties and perform a variety of tasks; thus oscillating between the role of practitioner and nurse. The doctors felt responsible for seeing a certain number of patients in the time they were available; while the CNPs felt responsible for getting all the patients through the CHC. The doctors did not create space for mentoring the CNPs; who were often seen as an intrusion and a threat to patient privacy and confidentiality when requesting a consultation. For the CNPs; however; the advantage of practice teams was considered to be greater accessibility to the doctor for joint consultation. The identification of doctors and CNPs with each other as part of a functioning team did not materialise. Effective management of the change process implied the need to ensure sufficient staff were available to allow all teams to function equally throughout the day; to be cognisant of the limitations of the building design; to introduce budgeting that supported semi-autonomous practice teams and to ensure that the staff were provided with ongoing opportunities for dialogue and communication. The implications of change for the whole system should be considered; and not just that for the doctors and nurses.Conclusions: Key lessons learnt included the need to engage with a transformational leadership style; to foster dialogical openness in the planning process and to address differences in understanding of roles and responsibilities between the doctors and the CNPs. The unreliable presence of doctors within the practice team; due to their hospital duties; was a critical factor in the breakdown of the teams.. The CHC plans to further develop practice teams; to learn from the lessons so far and to continue with the co-operative inquiry."

Building consensus on clinical procedural skills for South African family medicine training using the Delphi technique

Background: The development of registrar training as part of the newly created speciality of family medicine in South Africa requires the development of a national consensus on the clinical procedural skills outcomes that should be expected of training programmes.Methods This study utilized a Delphi technique to establish a national consensus between 35 experts from training institutions; those already in family practice and managers who might be employing family physicians in both private and public sector contexts. Results: Consensus was reached on 214 core skills at different levels of desired competency and 23 elective skills. The core skills were divided into 58 that should be taught by family physicians; 101 that should be performed independently and 55 that should be performed during training under supervision. The panel were unable to reach consensus on a further 21 skills.ConclusionThis is the first study that has proposed a set of essential clinical procedural skills for the training of family physicians in South Africa. The findings will act as a benchmark for programmes in South Africa and through the new initiative of `FaMEC in Africa' may influence curriculum development in other African countries. They may be used as a guide for curriculum planning; as a way of monitoring skills development and as an indication to registrars of the skills they need to achieve for assessment purposes. The findings may also inform the planning of training programmes for the proposed mid-level health worker (clinical associate) in South Africa as their skills will be a sub-set of these skills and will be taught by family physicians within district hospitals. Training programmes for undergraduates and interns in family medicine may also want to position themselves as stepping stones in line with these final outcomes of postgraduate training

Building Consensus on Clinical Procedural Skills for South African Family Medicine Training Using the Delphi Technique

Background: The development of registrar training as part of the newly created speciality. Methods: This study utilized a Delphi technique to establish a national consensus between 35 experts from training institutions; those already in family practice and managers who might be employing family physicians in both private and public sector contexts of family medicine in South Africa requires the development of a national consensus on the clinical procedural skills outcomes that should be expected of training programmes.Results: Consensus was reached on 214 core skills at different levels of desired competency and 23 elective skills. The core skills were divided into 58 that should be taught by family physicians; 101 that should be performed independently and 55 that should be performed during training under supervision. The panel were unable to reach consensus on a further 21 skills.Conclusion: This is the first study that has proposed a set of essential clinical procedural skills for the training of family physicians in South Africa. The findings will act as a benchmark for programmes in South Africa and through the new initiative of 'FaMEC in Africa' may influence curriculum development in other African countries. They may be used as a guide for curriculum planning; as a way of monitoring skills development and as an indication to registrars of the skills they need to achieve for assessment purposes. The findings may also inform the planning of training programmes for the proposed mid-level health worker (clinical associate) in South Africa as their skills will be a sub-set of these skills and will be taught by family physicians within district hospitals. Training programmes for undergraduates and interns in family medicine may also want to position themselves as stepping stones in line with these final outcomes of postgraduate training

Conference Report: Prevention - is it as easy as ABC? Report on the XVI International AIDS Conference

The conference was huge by any international standards with 31;000 delegates who represented all facets of the response to HIV and AIDS. In a conference of this magnitude my report cannot do justice to all the presentations and cannot claim to be a comprehensive review of the topic. It is unashamedly one person's view and an attempt to share with a broader South African readership highlights of the proceedings. This report focuses on the information; discourse and debates around prevention