Dispening and quality of Amoxicillin Preparations in Retail Pharmacies on Tanzania Market

A study on dispensing practice and quality of amoxycillin capsules and syrups was conducted in retail pharmacies in 5 regions of Tanzania. Data on dispensing practice was collected by interviewing 75 dispensers through structured questionnaires. Quality of amoxycillin capsule formulations and dry powder for suspension preparations from six different manufacturers was evaluated for chemical content at the Tanzania Food and Drug Authority (TFDA) in Dar es Salaam. The study showed that of all the dispensers only 17.3were pharmacists; 21.3pharmaceutical technicians and 28were nurses of different ranks. Results indicated that the most dispensed amoxicyllin was the locally produced preparation which accounted for 41.3. Affordability determined the most dispensed and lowest priced generic brand; amoxycillin by 68. Results revealed that only 46.6dispensers refused to dispense amoxycillin without a prescription while 53.4dispensed. Out of the ones who dispensed; 42.5gave patients the most expensive preparations and 22.5just dispensed according to the patients' demands. Similarly patients with prescriptions written in a generic name; the dispensers (28) issued them with the most expensive brand while others were issued the brand they specifically demanded by 32of the dispensers. For patients who came to the pharmacy with less money; results revealed that 66.7of the dispensers dispensed incomplete doses and then requested them to come back for the remainder and 13.3just gave out incomplete doses without any further counseling. Responses regarding reconstitution of the dry powder for suspension showed that only 10.7dispensers reconstituted before giving it out to patients and the rest just instructed patients on how to reconstitute at home. Further; 74.7of dispensers instructed the patients to use teaspoons to measure 5ml of the suspension. The results from the assessment of chemical contents showed that all capsules and dry powder for suspensions complied with respect to pharmacopoeial limits. It is concluded that dispensers should continually undergo continuing education on good dispensing practices

In Vivo Trypanocidal Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Khaya Nyasica Stapf

The ethanolic and aqueous crude extracts of Khaya nyasica Stapf. (Meliaceae) leaves and stem bark were screened for their trypanocidal effects against Trypanosoma brucei brucei in mice. At a single 25mg dose; the ethanolic leaf extract demonstrated trypanocidal activity by reducing parasitaemia from day 8 post treatment. There was no observed reduction of parasitaemia in solvent treated and untreated mice. The best trypanocidal effect was achieved at the same single 25mg dose when treatment commenced simultaneously with inoculation of trypanosomes by delaying development of parasitaemia by three days and reducing it from day 9 post treatment. Further bio-guided fractionation studies of ethanolic fractions is recommended to evaluate the observed trypanocidal effect of the plant and identify the active principle