The use of corticosteroids for COVID-19 infection

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is continuing relentlessly in many parts of the world and has resulted in the outpouring of literature on various aspects of the infection, including studies and recommendations regarding the optimal treatment of infected patients. Not surprisingly, the use of corticosteroids in the management of such patients has featured prominently in many of these publications. There is considerable debate in the literature as to the likely benefits, as well as the potential detrimental effects of corticosteroid therapy in general viral respiratory infections and, in particular, COVID-19 infections. While the definitive answer may need to await the results of ongoing randomised, controlled trials recent studies suggest that corticosteroid use in COVID-19 cases with hypoxaemia may benefit from low-dose corticosteroid therapy

Atopic Dermatitis: Tacrolimus Vs. Topical Corticosteroid Use

Atopic dermatitis (AD); the dermatological manifestation of the atopic diathesis; has a variety of clinical presentations. It is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorder; requiring a multifaceted treatment approach. Topical corticosteroids are the backbone of therapy. However; concerns over adverse drug reactions associated with their long-term application limit their use.Tacrolimus; on the other hand; has been shown to be effective in stabilising the symptoms of AD in the long-term setting; without the side-effects that hamper the use of topical corticosteroids. Long-term safety data up to ten years are available in the literature. Despite this; the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) black box warning of possible malignancies has resulted in much debate among experts.The main focus of this article is to compare the safety and efficacy of topical corticosteroids to calcineurin inhibitors; particularly tacrolimus. Furthermore; the aim is to evaluate the place of tacrolimus in AD therapy. A brief overview of the condition and other treatment modalities will also be discussed

Adjunctive Corticosteroid Treatment of Clinical PCP Pneumonia in Infants Less than 18 Months of Age : a Randomized Controlled Trial

"Objectives. To determine the efficacy and safety of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy in clinical PCP pneumonia (Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia) in infants exposed to HIV infection. Design. Double blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Methods: Infants with a clinical diagnosis of PCP; based on an ""atypical"" pneumonia with: 1) hypoxia out of proportion to the clinical findings on auscultation; 2) CRP less than 10 IU; 3) LDH above 500 IU; 4) compatible CXR findings and 5) positive HIV ELISA test were included in the study. Patients were randomised to receive either prednisone or placebo. The protocol provided for the addition of prednisone to the treatment at 48 hours if there was clinical deterioration or an independent indication for steroid therapy. Other treatment was carried out in accordance with established guidelines. in room air. Results. One hundred patients were included; 47 in the prednisone and 53 in the placebo group. Patients in the prednisone group had a 43 better chance of survival than the placebo group (HR 0.57; 95CI 0.30-1.07; p=0.08). No significant differences could be demonstrated between groups in respect of other parameters of recovery. Conclusions. In HIV exposed infants with clinical PCP pneumonia; adjunctive corticosteroid treatment does not appear to add benefit regarding time to recovery or oxygen independency; but early administration may improve survival. A large multi-centred trial is needed to confirm these findings.The primary study endpoint was in hospital survival. Secondary outcome was time from admission to the first day of mean oxygen saturation above 90"