Hosts and transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans: a systematic review

The control of Buruli ulcer (BU), a debilitating neglected tropical disease, is hampered by the inadequate understanding of the mode of transmission of its causative agent, Mycobacterium ulcerans (M. ulcerans). The DNA of M. ulcerans has been detected in some living organisms and non-living environmental samples of both aquatic and terrestrial sources. However, it is unclear whether the identified organisms support in vivo multiplication of the bacterium or play any role in its transmission. This paper identifies hosts of M. ulcerans, reviews progress made in unravelling the exact mode of transmission of M. ulcerans and identifies research gaps in this aspect of BU epidemiology. Using the search terms, 'niche, Mycobacterium ulcerans' and 'mode of transmission, Mycobacterium ulcerans' as well as defined inclusion criteria, information was obtained from the PubMed database and reviewed to assess their importance to the research question. Aquatic bugs of the genera Appasus and Diplonychus as well as Naucoris cimicoides and possums were identified to support in vivo multiplication of the bacterium. Bite of M. ulcerans contaminated Aedes notoscriptus, bite of aquatic bugs harboring or contaminated with M. ulcerans, and M. ulcerans contaminated skin-puncturing materials present in nature create opportunity for its transmission and infection. Appropriate protective measures may be useful to reduce the risk of exposure to M. ulcerans in BU endemic areas, and incorporation of trophic interactions of aquatic organisms known to support in vivo multiplication of M. ulcerans is needed in future research for better understanding of the spread of M. ulcerans in nature.

Evaluation of the national tuberculosis surveillance and response systems, 2018 to 2019: national tuberculosis, leprosy and buruli-ulcer control programme, Abuja, Nigeria

Introduction: Nigeria is among the countries with high Tuberculosis (TB) burden by global rating signifying the relevance of TB surveillance system evaluation in improving performance and capacity of the existing system. Hence, this evaluation was conducted in order to determine the gaps and proffer solution to enhance the TB surveillance system performance. Methods: eight questionnaires were administered to key informants using face-to-face interview method; data obtained was analyzed. Total number of TB cases and estimated number of cases for year 2018 was obtained. Percentage of positive cases using the GeneXpert test for 6 months (January to June 2019) was obtained. Available documents and publications on the National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Buruli Ulcer Control Programme (NTBLCP) were also sought for information. Results: the NTBLCP has over 5,300 TB service points and 1,602 microscopy Centre's distributed across the country. Acceptance for the standard TB case definition was 100%, forms used are easy to fill and diagnosis is laboratory-based requiring specialized trainings for laboratory personnel. The system had 25% sensitivity, high data quality with 100% timeliness. The TB surveillance system is representative of all ages. The system was first designed as TB and leprosy control programme but later Buruli Ulcer was incorporated into the programme. First quarter supervisory visits are skipped due to late funding and delayed budget approval. Major share of the funding comes from donor partners.Conclusion: the system is useful, representative, acceptable, has good data quality, timely, and sensitive. The system is stable but needs to be funded more by the government. There is need for early funding and budget approval to avoid skipping the first quarter supervisory visits. The system is not simple due the various test that need to be conducted before, during and after treatment to detect and verify that the patient is cured. We recommend continuous training of health workers, routine monitoring and evaluation, integration of TB care and prevention into other health services programmes like HIV/AIDS and active case search at all levels to increase the sensitivity of the system. Speed up the process of integration of NTBLCP surveillance system with IDSR for data harmonization in the country

Etude des appellations et des representations attachees a l'infection a Mycobacterium ulcerans dans differents pays endemiques d'Afrique

L'objectif de ce travail est de presenter les appellations de l'infection a Mycobacterium ulcerans (ulcere de Buruli) dans les langues africaines et leurs significations. Il vise egalement a explorer les representations attachees a la maladie dans differents pays endemiques d'Afrique. La methodologie utilisee implique l'analyse d' entretiens indivi- duels et de publications scientifiques. Les entretiens individuels ont ete menes aupres de differents chefs de programme et responsables de structures de prise en charge de cette maladie. Les resultats de notre analyse montrent que dans les pays d'Afrique ou l'ulcere de Buruli est endemique (Benin; Cameroun; Congo-Brazzaville; Cote d'Ivoire; Ghana; Ouganda; Republique Democratique du Congo; Sud Soudan et Togo); les appellations de cette maladie peuvent etre classees en trois categories; suivant qu'elles evoquent les origines geographiques de la maladie; les caracteristiques des lesions observees; ou les aspects d'incurabilite et de mystere; en lien avec la sorcellerie. Les representations de cette maladie dans les langues africaines apparaissent identiques et semblent traduire une connaissance relativement bonne de la maladie dans les pays ou l'ulcere de Buruli sevit. L'impact de ces representations influence egalement les types de recours aux soins

Etude des appellations et des representations attachees a l'infection a mycobacterium ulcerans dans differents pays endemiques d'Afrique

L'objectif de ce travail est de presenter les appellations de l'infection a Mycobacterium ulcerans (ulcere de Buruli) dans les langues africaines et leurs significations. Il vise egalement a explorer les representations attachees a la maladie dans differents pays endemiques d'Afrique. La methodologie utilisee implique l'analyse d'entretiens individuels et de publications scientifiques. Les entretiens individuels ont ete menes aupres de differents chefs de programme et responsables de structures de prise en charge de cette maladie. Les resultats de notre analyse montrent que dans les pays d'Afrique ou l'ulcere de Buruli est endemique (Benin; Cameroun; Congo-Brazzaville; Cote d'Ivoire; Ghana; Ouganda; Republique Democratique du Congo; Sud Soudan et Togo); les appellations de cette maladie peuvent etre classees en trois categories; suivant qu'elles evoquent les origines geographiques de la maladie; les caracteristiques des lesions observees; ou les aspects d'incurabilite et de mystere; en lien avec la sorcellerie. Les representations de cette maladie dans les langues africaines apparaissent identiques et semblent traduire une connaissance relativement bonne de la maladie dans les pays ou l'ulcere de Buruli sevit. L'impact de ces representations influence egalement les types de recours aux soins

Basic plastic surgery skills for district and community doctors to manage Buruli ulcer in Ghana

Background: The increase in incidence of Buruli ulcer in Ghana has also been complicated by problems in the care of the patients including lack of knowledge and training by staff, unwillingness of the staff to handle the cases for fear of contracting the disease. Method: An evaluation of training workshop on basic plastic surgery skills. Results: Three basic plastic surgery skills training workshops were held in 3 hospitals in 3 different districts in the region with participation from 15 hospitals/health centers drawn from 7 districts of the Ashanti Region. In all 128 health personnel comprising of Doctors ­ 18, Medical Assistants ­ 24, Clinical Nurses ­ 60 and Others ­ 26 were trained. These trainees went on to form the core of the so-called Buruli Ulcer Management Teams (BUMTs), which are now active in 6 of the institutions that participated in the programme. Conclusion: As a result of these workshops active Buruli Ulcer Management Teams (BUMTs) have been formed in 6 health institutions in the region