ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of normal ocular bacterial flora isolated from patients attending the Department of ophthalmology at the Kigali University Teaching Hospital and to evaluate their in vitro susceptibility to common antimicrobial agents. From June to October 2011; collection of specimen was performed by rotating a sterile cotton swab on the lower conjunctival sac from the temporal to the medial fornix. Gram stain and culture was performed and antibiotic sensitivity determined in case of bacterial growth. Of the 120 collected samples; 74 (61.6) showed bacterial growth and all were gram positive. 48.6 were Staphylococcus aureus ; while 51.4 were Staphylococcus epidermidis. There was high sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to chloramphenicol (100); clindamycine (92); oxacilline (86.7); ciprofloxacine (76.7) and norfloxacine (71.9). However; there was a high resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to penicilline G (11.1) and tetracycline (52.8). Staphylococcus epidermidis was highly sensitive to chloramphenicol (71.9) and oxacilline (71.1) while it was resistant to erythromycine (28.6); norfloxacine (35.3) and penicilline G (40.6 In this study; all of the isolated pathogens were revealed to be gram-positive bacteria. Chloramphenicol; clindamycine and oxacilline showed good activity against normal flora of the ocular surface and should be used in prevention of post-operative end ophtalmitis
Subject(s)
Adult , Bacteria , Conjunctiva , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
To investigae the association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and carcinoma of the conjunctiva in Africa; and the role of human papilloma vius type 16 (HPV-16). Methods: Patients in Uganda nd Malawi presenting the eye clinics with lesions suspicious of carcinoma were studied. Pathological confirmation of eye lesions was sought. HIV testing of patients who were biopsied and; in Uganda; of mached case control subjects was carried out as was testing of a sample of fixed biopsies for HPV-16 by plymease chain reaction (PCR). The HIV-1 serology; histopathology of conjunctival bipsies (conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN); invasive carcinoma; other lesions); and prevalence of HPV-16 infection were determined. Results: Of Ugandan patients; 27/38(71) with carcinoma( 27 invasive carcinoma; 11; CIN) were HIV positive compared with 12/76 (16) of controls (odds ration 13;95confidence interval 5-38). The calculated population aetiological fraction of carcinoma samples; 0/9 pingueculae; and 2/6 conjunctivitis samples. Conclusions: HIV infection is strongly associated with an apparent increase in the incidence of conjunctival carcinoma in Africa. While ultraviolet light is probably the prime risk factor and PHV-16 is implicated in a protection of cases; the interactions of ultraviolet light; HIV; HPVs; and other factors are unclear in the pathogenesis of carcinoma. The disease represents another model of multifactorial epithelial carcinogenesis
Subject(s)
Carcinoma , Conjunctiva , HIV InfectionsABSTRACT
In a nation-wide study on maternal morbidity in Mozambique; pregnancy anaemia was given particular attention. The value of careful inspection in daylight of conjunctival pallor as a screening test for anaemia was assessed in a total of 596 pregnant women