ABSTRACT
For the past few decades; there has been a considerable research interest in the area of drug delivery using particulate delivery systems as carriers for small and large molecules. Particulate systems like nanoparticles have been used as a physical approach to alter and improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of various types of drug molecules. They have been used in vivo to protect the drug entity in the systemic circulation; restrict access of the drug to the chosen sites and to deliver the drug at a controlled and sustained rate to the site of action. Various polymers have been used in the formulation of nanoparticles for drug delivery research to increase therapeutic benefit; while minimizing side effects. Here; we review various aspects of nanoparticle formulation; characterization; effect of their characteristics and their applications in delivery of drug molecules and therapeutic genes
Subject(s)
Drug Delivery Systems , Nanoparticles , ReviewABSTRACT
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) of metoprolol were previously fabricated and evaluated in vitro. The TDDS was composed of polymers Eudragit RL 100 and polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-30 in 8:2; 4:6; 6:4 and 2:8 fractions in formulations MT-1; MT-2 MT-3 and MT-4; respectively. All formulations carried 10
Subject(s)
Drug Delivery Systems , Hypertension , Organization and Administration , Skin CareABSTRACT
The health care delivery system inherited in Uganda; at idnependence; comprised of a system of hospitals and health centres which were relatively well distributed throughout the country. Health Services were curative and catered for a minority of the population. Uganda is one the countries which adopted the Primary Health Care (PHC) strategy of Health for all by the year 2000 (HFA 2000). The Government plans to make health services more accessible to the communities by creating Health sub-Districts and construction of health units at the parish level. This calls for availability of more drugs to the communities. It is important that the drugs are used rationally. This paper sets out too review the causes and dangers of irrational drug use and ways of promoting rational drug use in Uganda
Subject(s)
Community Health Services , Delivery of Health Care , Drug Delivery Systems , Primary Health CareABSTRACT
Drugs are an essential but expensive input in the delivery of health care. They are pillar number two after human resource in terms of resource needs for efficient delivery of the minimum health care package as articulated in the National Health Policy (NHP) and Health Sector Strategic Plan (HSSP). The health care delivery system cannot be complete if drugs are inadequate; not available in time or lacking altogether. In most cases drugs are the main hope people seeking health care have as a solution to their health problems. Therefore; drugs provide confidence and trust in the health system. Yet; the management of drugs must be within the overall health system. This has been defined in the Health Sector Strategic Plan (HSSP) and the National Drug Policy (NDP)
Subject(s)
Delivery of Health Care , Drug Delivery Systems , Health PolicyABSTRACT
"Uganda's drug regulatory agency is facing a financial deficit of US$857;000; more than half its budget for 2001-02. The Executive Secretary of the National Drug Authority (NDA); John Lule; said the agency could only raise US$800;000 out of US$1.6 million needed to run the NDA. Lule said that in 1993; when the NDA was formed; the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) met 90of NDA's budget. This has been gradually reduced to 10for 2000-01 and ended in March; 2001. The Uganda government has not provided funds to cover the shortfall. Lule said that as a result pharmaceutical companies would have to pay for verification and regulatory services that had been free; but the drug firms have warned that this move could cause drug prices to increase. ""The Danish tax payers do not owe us a living but in their generosity they have been funding the NDA""; Lule said. The Danish Ambassador to Uganda; Flemin Bjork; said the initial funding from the Red Cross through DANIDA had expired in March; 2001. He said the Danish government had committed another US$114;000 for development costs this financial year. He said they had stopped financing recurrent expenditures of NDA and this money would instead finance development programmes; including laboratory facilities; health-care training; a library; and expansion of the drug regulatory services in other parts of the country. The Danish government also pays for an expatriate advisor to support NDA. ""Starting on July 1 we have allocated not less than US$114;000 for NDA for development expensiture"". I don't know what it was before; but we are continuing with development expenditure""; said Bjork. This; however; will not reverse the US$857;000 deficit. The Ministry of Health has included the debt problem in a policy statement to be presented to parliament soon; to hopefully get emergency funds. Lule said the NDA would levy a 1charge on all drug importation invoices presented to it for verification. 90of the drugs used in Uganda are imported. In addition the NDA will charge US$4000 each time it inspects a pharmaceutical factory in Asia and US$2000 for factories in East Africato see if they are fit to export to Uganda. The fee for inspection of factories in Europe is yet to be fixed. The agency will also increase the cost of carrying out analysis at its drug quality control laboratory in Kampala. Pharmaceutical companies are protesting against the new charges and the way in which they were introduced. The General Secretary of the pharmaceutical Society of Uganda; James Tamale; they sympathise with NDA but htey should hsve been consulted first. ""We want dialogue so that any charges introduced are fair to us;"" he said. George Kibumba; a drug information pharmacist at the Joint Medical Stores( a company co-owened by the Catholic and Protestant churches); said Nda and the Ministry of Health should have planned better to avoid burdening pharmaceutical companies."
Subject(s)
Drug Delivery Systems , Health ServicesABSTRACT
A pharmaceutical formulation is aimed at ensuring drug delivery at the site of action in order to produce the desired therapeutic effect. The design of a pharmaceutical formulation must reflect the chemical reactivity of the drug substance as well as those of any other substances that are used in the formulation. Standardized manufacturing procedures which conform to accepted codes of Good Manufacturing Practices are prerequisites for the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations for optimal drug delivery. Drug formulations produced by such methods are expected to have the desired bioavailability characteristics for pharmacotherapy. The different types of pharmaceutical formulations usually prepared for administration by various routes are aimed at achieving the most appropriate drug delivery system for each drug. When necessary; special drug delivery systems are designed to achieve this objective. Advances in biotechnology has led to production of labile substances for use as drugs in therapy and this has created new challenges in the development of novel drug delivery systems. [abstract terminated]
Subject(s)
Chemistry , Drug Administration Routes , Drug Delivery Systems , TechnologyABSTRACT
Up to 80 per cent of illness episodes are first defined; diagnosed and treated at the household-level. In the developing world especially; approximately half the population has no access to public health services. It is obvious then that other sources of care will be used. We examined the availability of proprietary drugs in communities; and the extent and reasons for their use in the treatment of childhood malaria on the Kenyan Coast. Retail outlets are extensively used as the first tier of health care for illnesses considered to be mild or mundane. However; the wide range; types and formulations of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs including antimalarials available in these retail outlets constitute a major health hazard. Yet; both users and proprietors of retail outlets know little or nothing about the drugs and thus use or sell them inapproprietely. Even; children are treated promptly by purchase of OTC drugs. The policy implications of these findings are discussed
Subject(s)
Antimalarials , Drug Delivery Systems , Malaria/drug therapy , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Pharmacies , Self MedicationABSTRACT
La gestion du medicament consiste entre autres a assurer aux populations un approvisionnement continu en medicaments de bonne qualite aux populations a des prix qu'elles peuvent assumer. Elle necessite plusieurs activites qui vont de la selection des medicaments a l'utilisation du medicament par le malade. Le present document s'efforcera de mettre en evidence certains aspects importants de la gestion du medicament; notamment ceux qui ont trait a la selection; a la quantification; a l'achat; a la production locale; au controle de la qualite; a la distribution; a la formation; a la recherche; a l'information relative au medicament; a la cooperation avec les organisations gouvernementales et non gouvernementales; ainsi qu'au financement d'un systeme d'approvisionnement en medicament
Subject(s)
Drug Delivery Systems , Drug Information Services , Economics , International CooperationABSTRACT
L'auteur de cette these propose apres avoir circonscrit le probleme de son etude; de situer l'importance de l'evaluation du controle interne; l'interet; les objectifs de l'etude ensuite la methodologie suivie. Il tente une analyse de la situation afin d'identifier les forces et les faiblesses majeures des sous systemes d'approvisionnement et de stockage des medicaments essentiels et les consequenses sur la vie du projet