Evaluation of the repeated exposure of hexaflumuron on liver and spleen tissues and its mutagenicity ability in male albino rat

Background: Hexaflumuron (HFM) is an insect growth regulator (IGR); it is highly effective against a wide range of pests. Aim of the work: Due to the lack of toxicological assessments of this insecticide especially the formulation type, the objective of the present study was aimed to investigate the toxicological effects of repeated exposure of HFM formulation on adult albino rats. Materials and methods: Three groups were administered daily by gavage for (28 days) at dose of 11, 4, and 2.5 mg/kg b.wt respectively. In addition to control group. Results: The results of acute toxicity indicated HFM exhibited moderate to some extent high toxicity toward the treated rats. Slight tremors and bleeding from nose were observed. The repeated exposure results revealed the high and middle doses exhibited methemoglobinemia. Also, the HFM treatment led to increase in AST and ALT levels. The urea and creatinine levels were not significantly increased except the level of creatinine in high dose. According to the histopathological findings the middle and low doses of HFM revealed greater injurious in liver and spleen tissues than induced by high dose. HFM induced a statistically significant increase in the micronucleus (MN) frequency in a dose-dependent manner compared with a negative control group. Conclusion: So, it is obvious the middle and low doses induced damage in the liver and spleen organs while the high dose induced damage in blood, bone marrow, and kidney organs

Studies on the genotoxic and mutagenic potentials of mefloquine

PURPOSE: The detection of mefloquine mutagenicity has not been achieved by the use of Salmonella typhimurium his TA1535; TA1537 as tester strains. With the introduction of improved and more sensitive strains; it is of interest to evaluate the current mutagenic and genotoxic status of the drug. This study presents data on the in-vitro mutagenic and genotoxic potentials of mefloquine hydrochloride clinically used as an antimalarial agent. METHOD : The mutagenicity potentials was investigated in the Escherichia coli WP[2] trp and WP[2] uvrA trp tester strains containing the plasmids; pEB017 and pKM101; and the Salmonella typhimurium TA97 containing pKM101. The genotoxicity potential was determined using the microscreen phage-induction assay. RESULTS: The presence of plasmids pEBO17 and pKM101 enhanced the detection of mutagenicity of mefloquine. Microsomal-activated mefloquine unequivocally elicited base-pair substitution mutagenicity. The genotoxicity test indicated that mefloquine was generally not genotoxic but was of the same potential mutagenicity as chloroquine phosphate. CONCLUSION: Melfloquine hydrochloride exhibits base pair substitution mutagenesis; but not potentially genotoxic; even though it showed concentration dependent cytotoxicity. Its use as a last line antimalarial agent should still be encouraged