ABSTRACT
The aim of article is to assess the determinants of mothers to daughters transmission of female genital cutting (FGC) in Senegal; Burkina Faso and Egypt. Using the most recent DHS surveys the study confirms that the main dimension related to daughters' circumcision is mother's personal experience as circumcised mothers more likely to perpetrate the practice on daughters. Policies aim at changing this social norm could therefore generate a virtuous circle: for each child who is not circumcised; a risk-free third-generation is projected. Factors related to women's empowerment as better education; higher autonomy and wealth of the family as well social environment against FGC also discourage the continuation of the practice and protect daughters from the risk to be circumcised in each country analyzed
Subject(s)
Circumcision, Male , Female , Mothers , Nuclear Family , Social EnvironmentABSTRACT
Background: Urethral mucosal prolapse is rare. This condition may be confused with tumour or sexual abuse in girls. This study aims at reporting the pathology presentation and therapeutic options of urethral prolapse in girls. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken from January 2000 to December 2008. Authors analysed the clinical features and the treatment options. Results: There were nine cases of urethral prolapse. The ages ranged from 2.5 to 10 years (mean age: 5.08 years). The main presentation was vaginal bleeding (five cases). Physical examination revealed a soft; non-tender mass that bleeds on touch (six cases); with a length ranging from 0.75 to 1 cm. Urine culture in four patients revealed urinary infection that yielded Escherichia coli in three cases and the Staphylococcus aureus in one case. Six patients had surgical treatment while three had medical treatment. In those who had surgery; one had acute urine retention and one had recurrence that was treated successfully without operation. All the nine girls are cured. Conclusion: Urethral prolapse is a disease of the prepubertal girls of low socio-economic group. Diagnosis is clinical. The treatment of choice is surgical
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Benin , Nuclear Family , Prolapse , Signs and Symptoms , UrethraABSTRACT
There is increasing evidence of an association between female genital Schistosoma haematobium infection and HIV. In KwaZulu-Natal; we aimed to explore girls' water contact practice and to determine whether a study exclusively on girls would be manageable and welcomed. Three primary schools that had participated in a parasite control programme eight years prior were approached. Subject to consent; girls aged 9 to 12 years were interviewed on water-body contact; symptoms and household composition. Urine samples were analysed for S. haematobium infection eggs. Good dialogue was achieved in all schools and 95consented to participation; 43had an S. haematobium infection; geometric mean intensity 10.5 ova per 10 ml urine. Only 12had ever been treated for S. haematobium. Water-body contact was significantly associated with S. haematobium (OR 2.8; 95CI 1.3-5.9; p= 0.008); however; S. haematobium was also found in 20of girls who claimed to never have had water-body contact. Sixty-four percent thought they had no choice but to use unprotected water; 21had no mother in the household; and being an orphan increased the risk of having S. haematobium. The community welcomed the study. Prevalence levels in South Africa are so high that some communities are eligible for WHO-recommended regular mass treatment