Prevalence and factors associated with the severity of anaemia among patients on chronic haemodialysis in Lagos, Nigeria

Anaemia is a global public health problem with high mortality and morbidity. It is also a common consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). There is a paucity of data on the actual burden of anaemia among patients on chronic haemodialysis (CHD) in Lagos, Nigeria. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with the severity of anaemia among Nigerian patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of adult patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos. The data extracted from the clinical case files included the bio-demographic and clinical parameters, including the treatment modalities. Results: A total of 92 patients comprising 69 (75%) males and 23 (25.0%) females with the overall mean age of 48.2±14.0 years were included. Hypertension was the commonest aetiology of CKD and the average duration of haemodialysis was 16.6 months. The commonest access route for haemodialysis was a central line while 96.7% and 81.5% received erythropoietin and intravenous iron sucrose respectively. Seventy-three (79.3%) patients have had intra-dialysis blood transfusions in the past. Mild, moderate, and severe anaemia were recorded in 17%, 67%, and 16% respectively. The use of erythropoietin, iron sucrose, and increased frequency of blood transfusions correlated with the severity of anaemia. Conclusion: Anaemia is highly prevalent among patients with CKD on chronic haemodialysis. Increased frequency of blood transfusions, inadequate utilization of erythropoietin, and iron sucrose administration are associated with anaemia severity.

Dialysis prescription: Determinants and relationship with intradialytic complications and the dialysis dose. A prospective study

Introduction: Dialysis still remains the most common modality for the treatment of end stage kidney disease and it could be maneuvered to augment its dose, minimize complications and improve outcome. Dialysis prescription is a brief of how dialysis is to be given and involves adjustments in patients' characteristics, disease or dialytic procedure. This study aimed to assess the determinants of the prescribed dialysis and its relationship with intradialytic complications and the dialysis dose. Methods: A prospective study in which 1248 sessions for 232 consented participants with end stage kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis were studied from 2017-2020. Biodata was taken, participants were examined and blood samples were taken to determine electrolytes, urea/creatinine and hematocrit. Pearson's correlation was used to determine the strength of association between dialysis dose and some variables. Results: Determinants of the prescribed dose were dialysis frequency (P<0.001), and predialysis systolic blood pressure (P<0.001) and packed cell volume (P<0.001). Dialysis sessions without significant intradialytic blood pressure changes were most likely to be completed, as sessions with intra-dialysis hypotension were most likely to be terminated. Participants dialyzed with high flux dialyzers, via an arterovenous fistula, higher blood flow and ultrafiltration rates had higher dialysis doses (P<0.001 in all instances). Conclusion: Higher dialysis doses were achieved with higher blood flow and ultrafiltration rates. Intradialytic hypotension was common with dialysis termination, higher blood flow and ultrafiltration rates. Intradialytic hypertension was common with low flux dialyzers. An optimized dialysis prescription is needed to deliver an adequate dialysis dose and minimize complications

Prevalence and determinants of Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Genotypes in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients in Kinshasa

Context and objective. The steady increase in the number of chronic hemodialysis patients in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) calls for improved management of those patients. The present study aimed to determine the frequency of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, the prevalent genotypes, and the risk factors associated with HCV in hemodialysis patients in Kinshasa (DR Congo). Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June 2018 in all hemodialysis centers in Kinshasa. Blood samples were collected from 127 chronic hemodialysis patients and tested for the presence of antibodies against HCV. The HCV genotype was identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR). Results. Twenty-two (17.3 %) patients were positive for anti-HCV antibodies, ranging from 0 % to 52.9 % in different centers. Genotype 4 was detected in 18/22 (81.8 %), followed by genotype 2 in 2/22 (9.1%), and both genotypes 2 and 4 in one patient (4.5%). One patient had an undetermined genotype (4.5 %). Having received at least 4 transfusions [7,21 (1,09- 10,61); p=0.040)], not being under EPO treatment [5,81(1,47-12,96); p=0.012)], being on hemodialysis for at least 14 months [3,63(1,60-5,05); p=0.035)]and being dialyzed in an overloaded center [2,06(0,83-5,86); p=0.073)] were associated with a greater risk of HCV infection. Conclusion. This high HCV prevalence (17.3 %) represents a substantial health burden in HD patients from Kinshasa, DR Congo. It is largely driven by the number of blood transfusions, the duration time in hemodialysis. Observations from the present study underscore the need of reducing the number of blood transfusions in people on dialysis through the administration of erythropoietin, given the unaffordable cost of HCV therapy for most individuals in DR Congo.

Contexte et Objectifs. Le nombre des patients hémodialisés en Afrique subsaharienne en constante augmentation ; justifiant de ce fait une meilleure prise en charge de ces patients. La présente étude détermine la prévalence de l'infection par le virus de l'hépatite C en en determinant les génotypes ainsi que les facteurs y associés dans ce groupe de patients. Méthodes. 127 patients hémodialisés chroniques ont subis des tests sérologiques à la recherche des anticorps anti-VHC dans plusieurs centres de Kinshasa de février à juin 2018. Le génotype viral a été déterminé par la RT-PCR. Résultats. La fréquence des anticorps anti-VHC a varié de 0 à 52,9 % dans ce groupe. Les génotypes le plus fréquents ont été le 4 (18/22) et le 2 (2/22) ; étant sumultanément rétrouvé chez un patient, et indéterminé chez un autre sujet. Avoir reçu au moins 4 transfusions [7,21 (1,09-10,61; p=0.040)], ne pas être sous EPO [5,81(1,47-12,96); p=0.012)], être en hémodialyse depuis au moins 14 mois [3,63(1,60- 5,05); p=0.035)] et être dialysé dans un centre surchargé [2,06 (0,83-5,86); p=0.073)] étaient associés à un risque plus élevé d'infection par le VHC. Conclusion. Ses principaux déterminants sont : le nombre des transfusions sanguines et la durée d'HD ; d'où la nécessité de réduire les transfusions sanguines chez les sujets dialysés par l'administration d'EPO, étant donné le coût prohibitif du traitement contre le VHC dans notre contexte

La dénutrition chez un groupe de patients atteints d'insuffisance rénale chronique : étude prospective

Introduction : La dénutrition est fréquente chez les patients en insuffisance rénale chronique. Elle affecte 35% des patients au début de la dialyse et représente une des causes de morbi-mortalité. L'objectif de ce travail est de déterminer la fréquence de la dénutrition chez des patients à différents stades d'Insuffisance rénale chronique Matériels et méthodes : Une étude longitudinale descriptive portant sur 162 patients en insuffisance rénale chronique à différents stades (2, 3,4, 5 et 5D) a été réalisée au service de Néphrologie du CHU Nafissa Hamoud à Alger. Nous avons étudié les paramètres nutritionnels biologiques et anthropométriques chez les patients en IRC à différents stades. Résultats : L'âge moyen des patients est de 56,5±17 ans avec un sex-ratio de 1,43. Les taux de l'indice de masse corporelle, de l'albumine et de la pré-albumine moyens sont respectivement : (21,98 ± 0,28), (37,84g/l ± 0,47) et (302, 93 mg/l ± 5,4). Les trois paramètres diminuent significativement (p<0,05) avec la dégradation de la fonction rénale (du stade 2 vers le stade 5D). Les patients les plus dénutris se retrouvent aux stades 5 et 5D. La dénutrition est plus importante chez les patients avec IRC grave et chez les hémodialysés. Conclusion : L'insuffisance rénale chronique représente un véritable problème de santé publique. La dénutrition est l'une des causes de morbi-mortalité chez ces patients surtout après l'épuration extra rénale notamment l'hémodialyse, ce qui nous incite à nous intéresser au statut nutritionnel des patients en IRC

Clinical and demographic profile of end stage kidney disease hemodialysis patients at University Teaching Hospital of Kigali

BACKGROUND: End stage kidney disease (ESKD) has become a major public health problem and is associated with considerable co-morbidity and mortality. In Rwanda, the extent and the distribution of ESKD have not been reported despite provision of dialysis services. This paper describes the clinical and demographic characteristics of ESKD patients in at a tertiary referral hospital in Rwanda. METHODS: This was a retrospective descriptive study of ESKD hemodialysis patients treated at a tertiary referral hospital from January 2014 to December 2017, start of hemodialysis services to date. Demographic and clinical data were obtained regarding all eligible patients treated. Descriptive statistics were reported using frequency and percent for categorical data; median and Interquartile range (IQR) for continuous data. Analysis of survivors versus non-survivors was performed using Chi-square test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous, nonparametric variables. RESULTS: Over a three-year period, there were 64 patients with ESKD. Median age was 48 years (IQR: 35 to 57.5) and 42 (66%) were male. Edema (n=50, 78%) and anuria (n=40, 63%) were the most common presenting symptoms. Underlying comorbidities of ESKD included hypertension (n= 50, 78%), diabetes (n=24, 38%). Urea (n=52, 81%) and creatinine (n=57, 89%) were elevated in most patients. CONCLUSION: ESKD is a the leading cause of hemodialysis in young adults who would otherwise be contributing to the national development. It is a challenging to clearly establish etiologies as the majority present with more than one comorbidity. Hence healthcare providers should be proactive in prevention and prompt management of chronic kidney disease

Hearing impairment among chronic kidney disease patients on haemodialysis at a tertiary hospital in Ghana

Background: Chronic kidney disease is a major public health challenge, globally. Inadequate excretion of metabolic waste products by the kidneys results in circulation of these toxic materials in the body. This can cause damage to tissues and organ systems including the auditory system which can lead to hearing loss. Aim: The study was aimed at determining the prevalence, degrees and types of hearing impairment among Chronic kidney disease patients on haemodialysis in Ghana. Methods: A case-control study involving 50 Chronic Kidney disease patients and 50 age and gender-matched control group was carried out at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH). A structured questionnaire was administered to obtain basic socio-demographic data and case history of the participants. Audiological assessment was performed using a test battery comprising otoscopy, tympanometry and pure tone audiometry in a soundproof booth. Results: Higher hearing thresholds were recorded across all the frequencies tested among the case group than the control group (p < 0.05) in both ears. Only sensorineural hearing loss was identified among the cases. The prevalence of hearing loss was 32% among the case group and 12% among the control group. No significant association was observed between hearing loss and duration of Chronic kidney disease (p = 0.16), gender of Chronic kidney disease patient and hearing loss (p = 0.88), and duration of Chronic kidney disease and degree of hearing loss (p=0.31).Conclusion: Our study showed that Chronic Kidney disease patients on haemodialysis are at higher risk of experiencing hearing loss

The influence of physicians' specialty on prescribing patterns at a general medicine out-patients clinic

Background: Several factors have been identified that influence physicians' prescribing habits. The influence of physician's specialty has not been studied. This study is to determine if there are differences in the prescribing patterns amongst these various specialities that run a general medicine clinic at a tertiary hospital in Ghana. Methods: Data collected from the out-patients clinic attendance records were analysed using WHO Rational Use of Medicines indicators. Analysis of Variance Test was carried out to establish if there was any variance in the prescribing indicators amongst 4 units of Physicians. Results: 678 patient encounters were utilised for this study. The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 4.4, drugs prescribed by generic name was 86.9%, patient encounters in which antibiotics prescribed were 6.5% (n= 44) and injections were prescribed in 3.2% (n=22) of patient encounters. 64.0% of all drugs prescribed were from the Ghanaian EML. The unit of the physician did not have a significant effect on the average number of medicines prescribed per patient encounter (F (3, 674) = 2.19, p = 0.088), and the percentage of medicines that were prescribed from the Essential Medicines List (F (3, 674) = 1.52, p = 0.207). The unit the physician belonged to however did have a significant effect at p < 0.05 on the prescription of generic medications (F (3, 674) = 4.79, p = 0.003). Conclusion: The physician units did not differ in their prescribing patterns at the general medicine clinic except for prescription of drugs by their generic names

The outcome of patients on hemodialysis at university teaching hospital of Kigali (CHUK) in a period of september 2014 to march 2017 - A retrospective study on patients with acute and chronic renal failure

Background: Kidney dysfunction is both a national and international problem. Its incidence is increasing in the general population, mostly due to the high prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and the long-term consequences of acute kidney injury. The incidence and prevalence of kidney dysfunction necessitating dialysis are unknown in Rwanda as studies are lacking.Methodology: This study describes the outcomes of the patients who received hemodialysis at CHUK. Data was retrospectively collected and statistically analyzed for 152 patients treated in the hemodialysis unit at CHUK between September 2014 and March 2017.Results: The results have shown that 51.3% and 48.7% of the population being studied were identified to have acute kidney injury and chronic kidney failure respectively. The main risk factors for hemodialysis treatment were hypertension (48%), diabetes mellitus (46.7%), eclampsia (13.2%), and volume deficit (15.8%). Hyperkalemia, pulmonary edema, encephalopathy, and other uremic symptoms were present in 39-43% of patients and were the most common indications for hemodialysis. Encephalopathy and poor oxygen saturation were independent risk factors for death. 20.6% could not afford the usual provision of three sessions of hemodialysis per week and therefore didn't receive dialysis as frequently as recommended. Forty-five patients (20.6%) could not afford the usual provision of three sessions of hemodialysis per week and received less frequent dialysis.Conclusion: There is high mortality in patients referred for hemodialysis in CHUK. Almost half of the patients have chronic renal failure and require permanent renal replacement therapy. Many patients limit therapy due to financial reasons

An analysis of the direct cost of renal dialysis provided through a public-private partnership at a tertiary hospital in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Background. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly recognised as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in South Africa (SA). Although the cost of dialysis is well documented in developed countries, little is known about this cost in sub-Saharan Africa. Objectives. To review the costs of providing peritoneal dialysis (PD) and haemodialysis (HD) at the Pietersburg renal dialysis public-private partnership (PPP) unit in Limpopo Province, SA. Methods. A retrospective review of the cost of inputs required for HD and PD was conducted from a provider's perspective, covering the period 2007 - 2012. A top-down approach was used to estimate the average annual cost per patient on HD and PD. Results. During the 6-year period under review, the number of patients on dialysis increased from 77 in 2007 to 182 in 2012. More than 60% of the patients were on HD. The average annual cost per patient was estimated to be ZAR212 286 (USD25 888) and ZAR255 076 (USD31 106) for HD and PD, respectively, in 2012. Personnel cost, PD supplies, HD supplies, the outsourcing fee and pharmaceutical supplies were the main cost drivers. PD proved to be more expensive than HD, despite the use of locally manufactured fluids. Conclusions. The study highlights the exceptionally high cost of dialysis treatment. Dialysis should be made more accessible by implementing measures to address the main cost drivers. Moreover, a comprehensive approach that includes prevention of CKD at primary healthcare level, an organ donation programme and an effective kidney transplant programme is urgently required in Limpopo. Further research is required to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the PPP approach

Grossesse au cours de l'hémodialyse chronique : à propos d'un cas

Pendant très longtemps la grossesse chez l'hémodialysée chronique était considérée comme médicalement contre indiquée, à cause des nombreuses complications materno fœtales qu'elles pouvaient engendrer. Sa prise en charge est aussi lourde pour les équipes médicales (néphrologue, obstétricien et néonatologie) que pour la patiente elle-même. Nous rapportons ici un cas de grossesse chez une dialysée observe à la clinique madeleine de Dakar au Sénégal. Cette grossesse est la première décrite avec une naissance d'un enfant vivant ayant un poids de naissance normal sans anomalie malformative grâce au suivi pluridisciplinaire (néphrologue, obstétricien et néonatologie), l'intensification des soins de dialyse, la correction de l'anémie, la maitrise de la pression artérielles et l'amélioration de l'état nutritionnel de la mer

Knowledge and attitude of medical doctors to kidney donation

Background: Medical practitioners by virtue of their training and exposure are expected to educate and counsel patients and their relatives about kidney donation. Therapeutic strategies for patients with end-stage renal disease are dialysis and kidney transplantation. Hemodialysis is done sub-optimally because it's expensive with resultant poor quality of life and death. Kidney transplantation, although also expensive, offers better quality of life with a major drawback being unavailability of kidney donors. A poor knowledge about kidney donation in itself may partly be responsible for low donation rates. This survey was carried out to assess knowledge and attitude of medical doctors in a tertiary hospital to kidney donation and transplantation. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study carried out among medical doctors from the Departments of Surgery, Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Knowledge and attitude towards kidney donation and transplantation was assessed using pretested self-administered questionnaires. Results: One hundred and twelve doctors participated in the study with age range being 24 ­55 years, 51(45.5%) of the doctors had a good knowledge of kidney donation and transplantation while 61 (54.5%) had fair knowledge. Sixtynine (61.6%) were willing to donate a kidney with the most common reason being to save lives. Conclusion: Knowledge of kidney donation and transplantation among doctors is relatively good; however same cannot be said for their attitude, with constraints to kidney donation being fear of post-surgical complications and fear of developing kidney disease in the future

Déficiences neurologiques et musculo-squelettiques rencontrées chez les hémodialysés chroniques du Centre National Hospitalier et Universitaire de Cotonou

Introduction : Les complications neurologiques et musculo-squelettiques sont fréquentes chez les hémodialysés chroniques. But : Déterminer les déficiences neurologiques et musculo-squelettiques rencontrées chez les hémodialysés chroniques du CNHU-HKM. Méthodes : Il s'agit d'une étude transversale à visée descriptive et analytique qui s'est déroulée du 5 février au 5 mai 2014 à la Clinique Universitaire de Néphrologie Hémodialyse de CNHU-HKM de Cotonou. Les déficiences neurologiques et musculo-squelettiques telles que la douleur, les troubles sensitifs et neurologiques, la force musculaire et les limitations articulaires étaient recherchées à partir d'un examen clinique minutieux et rigoureux. Les limitations fonctionnelles étaient déterminées par l'échelle de HAQ (Health Assessment Questionnaire) modifiée et les facteurs associés étaient identifiés par régression logistique en analyse univariée et multivariée. Résultats : L'âge moyen des patients était de 49,98 ± 12,96 ans et le sex-ratio de 1,5. Les déficiences observées étaient les douleurs (52,7%), les troubles sensitifs (29,8%), les faiblesses musculaires (44,3%) et les limitations articulaires (25,9%). Les limitations fonctionnelles étaient retrouvées chez 49,6% des hémodialysés. Les facteurs associés aux limitations fonctionnelles en analyse univariée étaient l'âge avancé (p < 0,001), le sexe féminin (p = 0,026), l'absence de profession (p = 0,001), la fréquence de 3 séances d'hémodialyse par semaine (p = 0,021), la durée de vie avancée en hémodialyse (p = 0,016) et l'hypocalcémie (p = 0,003). En analyse multivariée, seuls l'âge avancé (p < 0,001), le sexe féminin (p = 0,044) et l'hypocalcémie (p = 0,014) restaient associés aux limitations fonctionnelles. Conclusion : Les déficiences neurologiques et musculo-squelettiques sont très fréquentes chez les hémodialysés. Il est important d'organiser une prise en charge rééducative nécessitant une collaboration étroite entre néphrologues et kinésithérapeutes

Prévalence et facteurs associes à la dénutrition chez les hémodialyses de Cotonou en 2014

Objectif : L'étude a été initiée afin de déterminer la prévalence de la dénutrition et les facteurs associés chez les hémodialysés de Cotonou en 2014. Méthodologie : Il s'agit d'une étude transversale, descriptive et analytique. La population d'étude était constituée des patients hémodialysés suivis au Centre National Hospitalier et Universitaire Hubert Koutoucou MAGA de Cotonou depuis au moins trois mois. La dénutrition a été définie par un indice de masse corporelle inférieur à 18,5 kg/m2. Les facteurs associés étaient recherchés par régression logistique en analyse univariée. Le seuil de significativité p< 0,05 était fixé.Résultats : Au total 165 patients ont été inclus dans l'étude. Une prédominance masculine (61%) était notée. L'âge moyen des patients était de 49,2±11,9 ans avec des extrêmes allant de 20 à 76 ans. La dénutrition était retrouvée chez 35 patients soit une prévalence de 21,7%. Les facteurs associés à la dénutrition étaient le sexe (p=0,02), la situation matrimoniale (p=0,01), le diabète (p=0,01), et la présence d'une anorexie permanente (p<0,001).Conclusion : La dénutrition est fréquente en hémodialyse et mérite un dépistage systématique. Il est nécessaire de recruter un nutritionniste pour la prise en charge de ces patients

La greffe rénale dans l'Afrique sub-saharienne : une réalité à développer

De nombreux pays africains se sont équipés pour prendre en charge l'insuffisance rénale chronique terminale (IRCT) en créant des unités de dialyse rénale. Or, la dialyse coûte plus cher que la greffe rénale. Le but de cet article est de faire un état des lieux de la prise en charge de l'IRCT en Afrique sub-saharienne et de discuter des conditions du développement des programmes de greffes rénales dans cette partie du monde

Cardiac Death Risk in Diabetic Haemodialysis Patients Increased Due to Thyroid Problems

A prospective study found that diabetic haemodialysis patients' subclinical hyperthyroidism and euthyroid sick syndrome might increase the risk of sudden cardiac-related deaths. Dr Christiane Drechsler; of University Hospital Wurzburg in Wurzburg; Germany; and colleagues conducted a study that included 1 000 patients undergoing haemodialysis for diabetes. Of those patients; 78.1 had euthyroidism; 13.7 had subclinical hyperthyroidism; 1.6 had subclinical hypothyroidism and 5.4 had euthyroid sick syndrome