Factors associated with smoking and transitioning to nyaope injection amongst women in the City of Tshwane Municipality: A self-report by women

Background: Substance use disorder has emerged as a key health and social challenge in South Africa (SA). It is projected that about 15% of South African youth, especially young women are prone to engage in drug use and the prospects of coming into contact with nyaope, a highly addictive drug, are higher. Nyaope is mainly smoked, but the prevalence of injecting it is increasing in most regions. Aim: This study aimed to explore and describe the perception of women, who use nyaope, about the factors contributing to nyaope smoking and transitioning to injecting nyaope amongst women in the City of Tshwane Municipality (CoT), Gauteng. Setting: The research was conducted within Community Oriented Substance Use Programme sites across the CoT Municipality. Methods: Qualitative research methods were utilised to explore and describe the perceptions of the participants on factors contributing to the use of nyaope amongst women residing in the CoT. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and thematically analysed. Results: Intimate partner influence (IPI), peer pressure, being misled by friends, weight loss, lack of effective coping mechanisms and counteracting other drugs contributed to women smoking nyaope. Additionally, a need for an intense high, IPI, influence by the social network, curiosity and cost-effectiveness contributed to women transitioning from smoking to injecting nyaope. Conclusion: The study has established factors contributing to smoking and transition to injecting nyaope as viewed by women residing in the CoT.

Prevalence of substance abuse, assessment of socio-economic and demo-graphic determinants of commercial motorcyclists in Katsina State Nigeria

Background: Substance abuse has been reported to have adversely affected socio-economic determinants of states and nations. Substance abuse is the use of tobacco, alcohol, illegal or prescription drugs and other substances in ways contrary to the overall health of the individual. It has been grossly under-reported and undermined in Katsina State, Nigeria. Identification and early intervention of associated risk factors had greater impact than later intervention by changing individual's life pathway from problems and towards positive behaviors. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of substance abuse amongst motorcyclists and associated socio-economic characteristics in Katsina State, Nigeria, a cross sectional study approach was commissioned. Methodology: Convenient sampling using a mobile Open Data collection tool (ODK) application was used to collect and collate field data. Data was analyzed using SPSS®. Strength of significance within categorical variables were reported and accepted at P≤0.05. Results:Kola nut (53%) and Marijuana (1%) were identified to have the highest and lowest prevalence respectively (P>0.05) across Jibia and Katsina Local Government Areas the (2 LGAs) in Nigeria where the study was carried out. Almost all types of psychoactive substances were available in Nigeria due to their spill over into the streets from drug traffickers who use Nigeria as a conduit to transport drugs from South East-Asia (the Golden,South America to Europe and North America [12]. Conclusion: With an overall substance abuse prevalence of 19%, it was concluded that substance abuse was endemic in the state and hence public health education must be used to check this societal ill

Substance use among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background. In sub-Saharan Africa, substance use among adolescents has continued to be a major public health concern, albeit poorly documented across many settings. Objective. To estimate the prevalence of substance use among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods. We searched Pubmed, EMBASE, AJOL and Google Scholar for population-based studies on adolescents (age 10 - 19 years) and reporting on the prevalence of substance use across sub-Saharan Africa. Search dates were from January 2000 to December 2016. A random effects meta-analysis was conducted with pooled prevalence rates (and 95% confidence interval (95% CI)) of estimated substance abuse among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. Results. Twenty-seven studies across sub-Saharan Africa including 143 201 adolescents (mean age 15.6 years) were selected. The overall prevalence of 'any substance use' in sub-Saharan Africa was 41.6%, with the highest rate in Central Africa at 55.5%. The use of caffeine-containing products (including coffee or kola nut) was most predominant at 41.2% (95% CI 24.3 - 58.1) but limited to West Africa. These were followed by alcohol at 32.8% (95% CI 26.0 - 39.5), tobacco products 23.5% (95% CI 17.7 - 29.3), khat 22.0% (95% CI 12.5 - 31.5) and cannabis 15.9% (95% CI 12.2 - 19.1). Other abused substances included depressants at 11.3% (95% CI 6.5 - 16.1), amphetamines 9.4% (95% CI 6.0 - 12.9), heroin 4.0% (95% CI 3.5 - 4.5) and cocaine 3.9% (95% CI 1.4 - 6.5). Conclusion. Our study reflects a high use of psychoactive substances and drugs among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. It is important that interventions and rehabilitation programmes are comprehensive and targeted at adolescents and parents in these settings