Prevalence and predictor stunting, wasting and underweight in Timor Leste children under five years: An analysis of DHS data in 2016

Stunting, wasting, and being underweight are indicators of malnutrition in a country. The high status reflects the poor nutritional and health status of children under five. We analyzed data from the Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Timor Leste from 2009 to 2016 to identify the prevalence and predictor stunting, wasting, and underweight. The variables analyzed were the mother's education, mother's age, mother BMI, mother's height, number of ANC visits, birth weight, sex of a child, sex of head household, type of residence, wealth index, toilet facility, source of drinking water and province. The sample in this study was 3,723 toddlers. Prevalence of stunting (44.4%), underweight (37.5%) and wasting (25.3%). In the bivariate analysis, the variables statistically significantly associated with stunting, underweight, and wasting was mother's education, sex of a child, type of residence, wealth index, and province. Improving the nutritional status of children in Timor Leste requires various nutrition and health interventions

Traumatic brain injury associated with hyponatremia

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a one of the commonest injuries treated at the Neurosurgery Department. The incidence rate is approximately 3% in the general population and the mortality rate is about 30% of all injury deaths. Hyponatremia leads to high morbidity and/or mortality in TBI patients. Our study discusses the epidemiology of TBI associated with hyponatremia. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 80 patients with TBI between February 2017 and November 2018 was performed. The relationship between the incidence of hyponatremia in TBI patients and age, sex, GCS, type, severity of injury and whether the patient was submitted to surgery or not. Results: Out of 80 TBI patients recruited for the study, 25 of them suffered from hyponatremia. Hyponatremia following TBI wasn't related to age, sex but it was related to the type of injury, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score ≤ 8, surgical history. TBI with hyponatremia usually had longer stay in the hospital and bad outcome. Conclusions: Sever TBI patients (GCS score ≤ 8), intracranial hemorrhage and/or skull base fracture are susceptible to developing hyponatremia and require additional treatment aiming to normalization of serum sodium levels to prevent deterioration of their condition. Abbreviations: ANP, Atrial natriuretic peptide; CSWS, Cerebral salt wasting syndrome; SIADH, Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone; TBI, Traumatic brain injury

Assessment of wasting and associated factors among under five children of Wukro town, Tigray regional, North Ethiopia: a cross sectional study

Introduction: globally, 50 million children under 5 were wasted; of which 16 million were severely wasted. A severely wasted child is at a nine times higher risk of dying. To prevent this problem, it is necessary to determine the magnitude and factors associated with childhood wasting. In Ethiopia specifically Wukro town, Tigray regional state there is no clear information regarding under five wasting. Therefore, the study assessed the prevalence and associated factors of wasting among under five children in wukro town,North Ethiopia. Objective: to assess the prevalence of wasting and associated factors among under five children of Wukro town, Tigray, North Ethiopia, 2017/2018.Methods: community based cross-sectional study design with a single population proportion formula was used with a total sample size of 400 children. Wukro town has three kebele, two kebelle were included in the study through simple random sampling method. There was proportional allocation of subjects to each kebelle and final study subject was selected using systematic method. In case there were more than one child in the household one child was selected randomly. The data were collected by face to face interview and measuring of weight and height after the instrument was pre-tested. The anthropometric results were entered in to Emergency nutritional assessment (ENA) to calculate Z-Score. The collected data and result of Z-score were entered in to Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20. Finally, results were presented in texts, graphs and tables. Results: a total of 394 under five children were participated in this study, which gave a response rate of 98.5%. The respondents were females 222(56.3%) and 106(26.95%) were in the age group of 12-23 month. The overall prevalence of wasting was 28(7.2%). Out of this 14(3.6%) were wasted and 14(3.6%) were severely wasted. Under five children those, whose family does not live together were 3.086 times more likely to be wasted compared to under five children those, whose family live together (P=.038, OR=3.086, & 95% CI= (1.061, 8.970)). Under five children those, whose mother did not taken family planning were 2.530 times more likely to be wasted compared to under five children those, whose mother take family planning (P=.038, OR=2.530, & 95% CI= (1.054, 6.074)).Conclusion: significant numbers of mothers were not taken extra food during pregnancy and lactation. There was significant prevalence of wasting of under five children in the study area. Living condition of family and usage of family planning were associated with increased risk of wasting

Nutritional Status of Under-Five Children in Libya : a National Population-Based Survey

Aim: To describe the nutritional status of children under-five years of age in Libya. Population and methods: A secondary analysis of data of 5348 children taken from a national representative; two-stage; cluster-sample survey that was performed in 1995. Results: Prevalence rates of underweight; wasting; stunting; and overweight were determined using standard definitions in reference to newly established WHO growth charts. The study revealed that 4.3of children were underweight; 3.7wasted; 20.7stunted; and 16.2overweight. Seventy percent of children had normal weight. Undernutrition was more likely to be found in males; in rural areas; and in under- privileged groups. Overweight was more likely found in urban; privileged groups. Wasting was more common in arid regions; stunting was more common in mountainous regions of Al- Akhdar; Al-Gharbi; and in Sirt. Al-Akhdar had the highest prevalence of overweight. Conclusion: The country had a low prevalence of underweight and wasting; moderate prevalence of stunting; and high prevalence of overweight. The country is in the early stages of transition with evidence of dual-burden in some regions. Similar surveys are needed to verify secular trends of these nutritional problems; particularly overweight