Microbiological contamination of improved water sources, Mozambique

Objective To assess if water from improved sources are microbiologically safe in Niassa province, Mozambique, by examining the presence of total coliforms in different types of water sources. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional household survey in two rural districts of Niassa province during the dry season, from 21 August to 4 October 2019. We observed water sources and conducted microbiological water quality tests and structured household interviews. Findings We included 1313 households, of which 812 (61.8%) used water from an improved source. There was no significant difference in presence of total coliforms between water sampled at improved and unimproved water sources, 62.7% (509 samples) and 65.7% (329 samples), respectively (P-value=0.267). Households using improved water sources spent significantly longer time collecting water (59.1 minutes; standard deviation, SD: 55.2) than households using unimproved sources (49.8 minutes; SD: 58.0; P-value <0.001). A smaller proportion of households using improved sources had access to water sources available 24 hours per day than that of households using unimproved sources, 71.7% (582 households) versus 94.2% (472 households; P-value <0.001). Of the 240 households treating water collected from improved sources, 204 (85.4%) had total coliforms in their water, while treated water from 77 of 107 (72.0%) households collecting water from an unimproved source were contaminated. Conclusion Current access to an improved water source does not ensure microbiological safety of water and thereby using access as the proxy indicator for safe drinking and cooking water is questionable. Poor quality of water calls for the need for integration of water quality assessment into regular monitoring programmes.

The effects of water quality and sanitation on immunocompromised: A case study of people living with HIV/AIDS in Kibera slum, Kenya

Background: Closer inspection of the spread of HIV/AIDS and its implications on individuals; communities and societies reveals several significant linkages with water and sanitation. In the context of poverty; malnutrition; high prevalence of co-infections with other opportunistic diseases; and overburdened health systems; individuals may be more susceptible to acquiring HIV and less able to cope with HIV-related illnesses; both physically and economically.Objectives: To determine the effect of sanitation and water quality on people living with HIV/AIDS in Kibera slum.Design: A cross sectional study.Settings: The study was carried out in Kibera informal settlement in Nairobi; Kenya.Subject: Randomly recruited 369 adults living with HIV/AIDS in Kibera slum.Results: Logistic regression analysis employed to predict the probability that a respondent living with HIV/AIDS in Kibera slum would be infected with diseases related to taking contaminated water and living in poor environmental sanitary conditions using the predictor variables and showed a significant partial effect; x2 (5; N = 369) = 73.912; p 0.001.Conclusions: Safe drinking water was inaccessible to a majority of participants indicating a high risk of opportunistic diseases and high economic burden

Relation entre pollution des eaux de sources; forages et maladies hydriques enregistrees au Centre Hospitalier Dominicain Saint Martin de Porres (CHDSMP) du quartier Mvog-Betsi a Yaounde

OBJECTIFS : Mesurer les indices de contamination bacteriologique de l'eau des sources et forages de Mvog-Betsi; et rechercher une relation entre ces indices et le nombre de maladies hydriques enregistrees au Centre Hospitalier Dominicain Saint Martin de Porres (CHDSMP) de ce quartier de Yaounde. MeTHODES Il s'agit d'une etude retrospective et prospective; basee d'une part sur les statistiques des maladies hydriques enregistrees au CHDSMP; et d'autre part sur l'analyse bacteriologique de l'eau des sources et forages consommees par la population. Nous avons utilise la technique de Presence-Absence puis le denombrement apres inondation sur gelose specifique pour la culture des bacteries. L'identification bacterienne a ete faite par la galerie RapIDTM ONE. ReSULTATS Nous avons constate que presque tous les habitants de Mvog Betsi buvaient de l'eau issue des puits ou des sources ou des forages. D'autre part; les eaux de sources et de forages de Mvog-Betsi etaient toutes polluees. En effet; le denombrement des Escherichia coli; indice de pollution fecale dans toutes les eaux; a ete anormal; ce qui revele un probable danger pour la sante. Les statistiques des maladies hydriques enregistrees en 2012 au CHDSMP montrent que 1752 habitants de Mvog Betsi ont souffert de ces maladies contre 2576 qui avaient d'autres pathologies. Au premier trimestre 2013; il ya eu 272 cas de maladies hydriques sur un total de 766 habitants de Mvog-Betsi venues consulter. CONCLUSION Il y a une relation claire entre la pollution des eaux de source; forages et les maladies hydriques enregistrees au CHDSMP du quartier Mvog-Betsi

Schistosomiasis and Water-Related Practices in School Girls in Rural Kwazulu-Natal; South Africa

Abstract:There is increasing evidence of an association between female genital Schistosoma haematobium infection and HIV. In KwaZulu-Natal; we aimed to explore girls' water contact practice and to determine whether a study exclusively on girls would be manageable and welcomed. Three primary schools that had participated in a parasite control programme eight years prior were approached. Subject to consent; girls aged 9 to 12 years were interviewed on water-body contact; symptoms and household composition. Urine samples were analysed for S. haematobium infection eggs. Good dialogue was achieved in all schools and 95 consented to had an S. haematobium infection; geometric mean intensity 10.5 ova per 10 ml urine. Only 12participation; 43 had ever been treated for S. haematobium. Water-body contact was significantly associated with S. haematobium (OR 2.8; 95 CI 1.3-5.9; p= 0.008); however; S. haematobium was also found in 20 of girls who claimed to never have had water-body contact. Sixty-four percent thought they had no choice but to use unprotected water; 21 had no mother in the household; and being an orphan increased the risk of having S. haematobium. The community welcomed the study. Prevalence levels in South Africa are so high that some communities are eligible for WHO-recommended regular mass treatment

A propos de l'eau potable dans la zone de sante de Mont Amba

L'accessibilite a l'eau potable dans les zones peripheriques de la ville de Kinshasa apparait faible. La qualite aussi laisse fort a desirer. Les auteurs ont evalue la qualite de l'eau potable a travers la zone de sante du Mont Amba en selectionnant 4 points de prelevements couvrant les differents modes d'approvisionnement: source; puits; et robinets. Les resultats des analyses physico-chimiques et bacteriologiques ont revele que les echantillons d'eau preleves ne satisfont pas pas aux normes tel que definies par l'OMS. Des recommandations ont ete formulees pour ameliorer cette situation

An investigation of diarrhoeal disease outbreak at Bilate Military Training Centre

This study was conducted to investigate a reported disease outbreak among higher education student recruits in Bilate Military Centre; Sidamo Administrative Region. Out of the total patients of 5;245 who visited at the out-patient department 1;616 (30.1 per cent) were patients with diarrhoea. There were 99 patients admitted to the hospital out of which 27 (27.2 per cent) were diarrhoeal patients. There were no deaths reported. A total of 965 (75.6 per cent) were treated with antimicrobial; mainly Tetracyclines; Chloramphenicol; Metronidazole and Chloroquine. Only 114 (8.9 per cent) were treated with Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) while 86 (7.11 per cent) with Anti-diarrhoeal (Charcoal) and ORS. There was no proper excreta disposal and the water source was found to be bacteriologically non-potable. Among the 34 stool specimens collected for culture and sensitivity tests; the genus Shigella was isolated in 6 patients; where 4 were Shigella flexneri (Group B) and 2 were Shigella dysenteriae (Group A) one type 1 (Shiga's Bacillus) and the other type 2 (Schmitz's Bacillus). Shigella dysenteriae serogroups 1 and 2 showed resistance to eight and seven drugs including Trimethoprim Sulpha-Methoxazole (TSM) respectively. This study highlights the importance of safe water and improvement of general hygiene and environmental sanitation for prevention and control of epidemics and indicates the importance of continuous surveillance of drug resistant Shigella for the control of outbreaks of Shigellosis

Water handling procedures and their association with childhood diarrhoea

Acute childhood diarrhoea is the leading cause of death in children under five in Ethiopia. This is largely the result of lack of access to safe water; poor environmental sanitation; and crowding. In view of this; the aim of the present study was to document water handling practices and their association with childhood diarrhoea in the Garamuleta District of East Hararghe Region; Ethiopia. Water handling practices of families were monitored and the occurrence of diarrhoea was documented every two weeks over a 16 week period in 254 children under 6 years of age. The mean walking distance from the primary water source was 4.5 minutes and the mean per capita daily water consumption was 7.6 litres. The two week period prevalence for diarrhoea during these follow-up visits ranged from 2.4 per cent to 14.8 per cent with a mean of 9 per cent; which corresponds to 2.3 episodes per child per year. There was no statistical difference between safe and unsafe water handling exposure groups in the occurrence of diarrhoea. Religion; site of water collection; time to fetch water; mother's education; type of container; per capita water consumption; and age of the child were found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of diarrhoea. It is concluded that relative to generally inadequate environmental sanitation; water handling practices are not an important contributor to acute childhood diarrhoea