Regulatory natural killer cell expression in atopic childhood asthma

Introduction: Different subsets of natural killer [NK] cells were found to play a role in pathogenesis of allergy. We sought to investigate the expression of regulatory NK cells [CD56+CD16+CD158+] in atopic children with bronchial asthma in order to outline the value of these cells as biomarkers of disease severity and/or control

Methods: A cross sectional controlled study was carried out in the Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Unit, Ain Shams University. The study included 45 atopic children [mean age[SD]= [2.9] years] with bronchial asthma [BA] and/or allergic rhinitis [AR]as well as 40 healthy matched controls. Enrolled subjects underwent complete blood counting and flow cytometric measurement of NK cell [CD16+ CD56+] and regulatory NK cells [CD16+CD56+CD158+]

Results: Patients had significantly higher regulatory NK cell percentages [mean [SD]= 41 [52] %] than controls [mean [SD]=15 [7.1]]; p

Conclusions: Regulatory NK cells seem to be increased in childhood asthma. We recommend wider scale prospective studies on steroid-naive subjects involving measurement of cytokines that are secreted by different types of NK cells

Evaluation of newly formulated antiulcer drug on experimental ulcer model

The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential gastric protective and therapeutic effects of ranitidine mucoadhesive hydrogel formulae against ethanol induced gastric ulceration in rats. Adult female albino rats weighing between 200-220 g ,75 rats for evaluation of mucoadhesiveness of hydrogel and 70 rats for evaluation of protective and therapeutic effect of ranitidine hydrogel. The seventy rats were randomly divided into two experiments, protective and therapeutic effects of newly developed ranitidine mucoadhesive hydrogel formulae containing polymer mixture of Chitosan and Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose [HPMC] at ratio 9:1 [F1] or mixture of Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose [NaCMC] and HPMC at ratio 9:1 [F2]. Each experiment has five groups, seven rats each; group 1 serves as control and group 2 serves as ulcer control since received a single oral dose of absolute ethanol [5ml/kg body weight]. Group 3 ulcer group received an oral dose of ranitidine [27mg/kg], while groups 4 and 5 ulcer group received newly formulae of ranitidine F1and F2 respectively. In the present study some gastric parameters as ulcer index, total acidity, gastric volume and pH besides some biochemical parameters as alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and total antioxidant capacity [TAC], total protein [TP] level and alkaline phosphatase [ALP] activity were carried out at the end of the experimental period.The present study showed that F1 revealed more protective and therapeutic potency than F2 as it was significantly reduced ulcer index, total acidity, gastric volume and pH in comparison to ulcerated group [p<0.05]. Also, the biochemical markers ALT, AST and TAC were decreased significantly compared to ulcerated group in both experiments. TP level and ALP activity were altered among different treatments. Moderate improvement in mucus secretion was recorded for F1 and F2 treatments than the reference drug. The present results were confirmed by the histopathology findings. Collectively, the current study confirmed the better therapeutic action of formulae 1 and 2 over the pure drug and that F1 was the most potent formula. Also, it encouraged the use of F2 as a curative agent of ulceration rather than a protective one

Molecular phylogenetic characyerization of Echinococcus spp. hydatid cyst based on internal transcribed spacer genes in Assiut, Egypt

Hydatidosis is one of the most important parasitic zoonosis and remains a public health and economic problem all over the world. The disease is endemic in many parts of the world. Reports on the species and strains of Echinococcus present in Egypt appear controversial. In the present study hydatid cysts were collected from freshly slaughtered camel at local abattoir, Assiut, Egypt. Hydatid cysts were genetically characterized by polymerase chain reaction [PCR] amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer genes one and two [ITS1 and ITS2] of nuclear ribosomal DNA [rDNA] by using specific primers. The lengths of ITS1 and ITS2 sequences were 583 bp and 517 bp respectively for hydatid sample sequenced. Comparisons of ITS sequences of the examined hydatid sample in the present study revealed that collected hydatid represented Echinococcus Canadensis, which provides foundation for further studies on Echinococcus in Egypt. The data obtained will facilitate the development of diagnostic tools necessary to study the population genetic structure and epidemiology of this enigmatic parasite

Comparative studies on the effect of some antioxidants on renal dysfunction in rats

The present study is carrying out for investigating the effect of supplementation with some vitamins [A, EandC] as natural antioxidant extracts in renal dysfunction in rates. 40 adult male Sprague - Dawley rats [150 - 200 g] divided to two groups. First group: 8 rats were fed on standard diet [S.D.], as a control group. Second group: 32 rats were injected intraperitonial with a single dose of Cis-diammine dichloride Platinum II [CDDP] for inducing renal dysfunction [2.5 mg/Kg] then it was divided to six subgroups each one contained 8 rats. [1]: fed on [S.D.] nephrotoxic group. [2]: fed on [S.D.] + Vitamin A [15 mg/Kg body weight/day]. [3]: fed on [S.D.] + Vitamin E [317 I.U. /kg body weight/day]. [4]: fed on [S.D.] + Vitamin C [280 I.U. /kg body weight/day]. The experimental period was four weeks, results were statistically analyzed. The results proved that groups of nephrotoxicity rats supplemented with Vitamin A,E and C showed significant increase in food intakes, body weight gain and food efficiency ratio [FER] [28.9%, 29.4% and 19.2%], [870.5%, 1615.6% and 409.8%] and [652.5%, 122502% and 327.3%] respectively, compared with nephrotoxic group. The nephrotoxicity rats supplemented with Vitamin A and showed significant reduction in serum vitamin E and kidney glutathione content [9.3% and 47.9%], while nephrotoxicity rats supplemented with Vitamin E and C showed significant increase in serum vitamin E and kidney glutathione content [27.9% and 116.6%], [13.7% and 55.8%]respectively. The results showed that nephrotoxicity rats supplemented with Vitamin A, E and C showed significant reduction in serum urea nitrogen and creatinine [48.01% and 55.2%], [52.6% and 60.3%] and [57.0% and 63.04%] respectively. Best results in histopathological examination of kidney were in vitamin A and vitamin C groups. These results suggest that natural antioxidants could be beneficial as additional therapy in renal dysfunction

Experienced airway management in laryngotracheal injuries: series of cases, survey and review of literature

Definitive airway control of penetrating laryngotracheal injury can be an extremely difficult challenge for the emergency physician. We report three serious cases of penetrating neck trauma with laryngeal injury that were managed successfully using different techniques of airway control in the Emergency Department [ED] of Hamad General Hospital during the three years from January 2006 through December 2008. Individualized assessment, identification of type of injury and familiarity with airway control techniques and the available options assure timely, safe and proper airway control in such injuries. Choice of technique in penetrating Iaryngotracheal injury is multifactorial and depends upon case presentation, physician preference, skill, and clinical constraints. The incidence of neck injury during this period was lower than in other reports; being 0.07% of total trauma cases, while the incidence of penetrating neck injuries represented 17.6% of total neck injuries with no deaths. Familiarity and availability of variant airway management techniques and variant surgical interventions in penetrating laryngotracheal injuries, improve outcome and reduce mortality

Transvaginal uterine artery ligation: a possible alternative treatment modality for the symptomatic fibroids

To determine the efficacy of Transvaginal Uterine Artery Ligationfor the management of symptomatic fibroids. 19 women, aged from 33 to 46 years, with symptomatic, single uterine fibroid, not exceeding 14 weeks, were recruited. Objective measurement of menstrual blood loss [MBL] by the alkaline hematin technique [Hallberg, et al, 1966], and ultrasonographic measurement of the fibroid volumes were determined preoperatively and at 3, 6 and 12 month post operative follow up. Improvement of the presenting symptoms -was observed during follow up. There was a significant decrease in the sonographic myoma volume at 3 month [P> 0.05], 6 months [P> 0.01], and 12 month [P> 0.01] postoperatively. The MBL was significantly lower in the postoperative follow up, when compared with the preoperative levels; at 3 month [P< 0.05], 6 month [P< 0.01], and 12 month [P< 0.01]. Rise in hemoglobin concentration was observed at 3 month postoperative [P>0.05]. Statistically significant higher hemoglobin concentrations were observed at 6 and 12 month postoperatively [P< 0.05]. There were no cases of ureteric injury, and none needed a second procedure. Transvaginal uterine artery ligation could be considered a possible, simple, alternative treatment modality for the symptomatic fibroids

Effect of telmisartan in collagen induced arthritis in rats

Rheumatoid arthritis [RA] is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease affecting approximately 1% of people worldwide irrespective of race. Regarding the pathobiology of RA, oxidative stress is an important mechanism that underlies destructive and proliferative synovitis. Telmisartan, ahighly selective ARB is receiving attention because of its properties unrelated to ATIR antagonism including partial agonism for proliferator-activated receptor [PPAR]-gamma nuclear receptor system and modulation of oxidative stress and inhibition of pro-inflammatory stimuli. Thus, the aim of this work is to study the effect of Telmisartan on the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. The standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Celecoxib, was used as a reference drug for purposes of comparison. Fourty rat were randomly divided into 2 main groups. Group I: 10 rats; considered as control group and received saline. Group II: 30 rats were subdivided into 3 equal subgroups [10 rats/subgroup] as the following: Subgroup II A: considered as collagen-induced Arthritis group in which an intradermal injection at 5 to 6 sites at the base of the tail with 300 micro1 of emulsified CII. Subgroup II B: Rats were treated with Celecoxib in a dose of 10 mg/kg daily intragastrically by gavage at the onset of clinical arthritis for 4 weeks. Subgroup II C: Rats were treated with telmisartan in a dose of 10 mg/kg daily intragastrically by gavage at the onset of clinical arthritis for 4 weeks. Arthritis was monitored every 4 days by using a macroscopic scoring system. Rats were sacrificed at day 44 of clinical onset of arthritis [day 0], and then blood samples were collected for analysis. CIA rats showed a significant increase in ESR and MDA levels. Also, a significant decrease in antioxidant enzymes. Both Telmisartan and celecoxcibe improve oxidative stress parameters and clinical arthritis score. The present study suggests that Telmisartan treatment at the dosage of 10 mg /kg possesses anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, Telmisartan can be as a design of novel therapeutic strategies for RA

potential renoprotective effect of selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors in experimental diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy is a major microvascular complication of diabetes and eventually leads to end-stage renal disease. The present study designed to evaluate the renal effects of selective COX-2 inhibitors on the progression of renal injury in experimental model of diabetic nephropathy. Fifty rats were randomly divided into five equal groups: normal control rats, streptozotocin [STZ]-induced diabetic rats without treatment, STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with celecoxib, STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with enalapril, and STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with combination. Sixteen weeks later, serum glucose, renal functions, and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated. Periodic acid-Schiff [PAS] staining was used to examine the morphological changes by light microscopy. STZ-induced diabetes led to development of diabetic nephropathy associated with increased oxidative stress. Both celecoxib and enalapril produced comparable level of renoprotection manifested by significant decrease of serum creatinine and microalbuminuria, which was accompanied by significant decrease of renal malondialdyehyde content, significant increase of renal reduced glutathione content and superoxide dismutase activity. Glomerulosclerosis seen in untreated-diabetic group were prevented by both celecoxib and enalapril. Combination treatment was superior in renoprotective effects. In conclusion, the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib may prevent or retard the development of diabetic nephropathy

Protective effect of vitamin C and beta-carotene against nickel-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of nickel sulphate [25 mg/kg diet] and to evaluate the protective effect of vitamin C and beta-carotene [200mg/kg diet] on the liver of male albino rats. Serum alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST], superoxide dismutase [SOD] activities, lipids peroxidation as malondialdehyde [MDA] and hemoglobin concentration [Hb] were determined. The results showed that nickel sulphate administration for eight weeks induced highly significant [P<0.01] increase of ALT, AST activities and MDA level, highly significant decrease in the activity of SOD and significant [P<0.05] decrease in Hb concentration in rats. The supplementation of vitamin C simultaneously with nickel sulphate showed insignificant reduction in ALT and AST activities, highly significant increase in SOD activity and significant decrease in MDA level, while supplementation of [Beta-carotene with nickel sulphate induced a significant reduction in ALT, AST activities and MDA level with highly significant increase in SOD activity as compared with nickel sulphate treated rats. Supplementation of vitamin C or beta-carotene induced an insignificant increase in Hb concentration in rats comparing with nickel sulphate treated group

effect of hysterectomy on psychiatric morbidity [anxiety and depression]

To evaluate the psychiatric morbidity [anxiety and depression] in women underwent an abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy of a benign indication. This is a prospective observational study which was done in the Obstetric and Gynecology and Neuropsychiatry Departments, Sohag University Hospital. One hundred and two women were scheduled for undergoing hysterectomy after fulfilling the inclusion criteria. All women underwent a thorough history taking, clinical examination and complete psychiatric history. General health questionnaire [GHQ-28] was used to assess women with psychiatric co-morbidity before and after the operation. All women with psychiatric co-morbidity were re-evaluated by Beck depression inventory [BDI] and Hamilton anxiety scale [HAMA] before and after hysterectomy. On screening for psychiatric co-morbidity using the GHQ-28 for the 96 women who completed the follow up protocol of the study 35 [36.46%] scored >/= 4 [Group I] with psychiatric co-morbidity, and 61 [63.54%] scored <4 [Group II] without psychiatric co-morbidity. GHQ-28 was reapplied to all women in group II [post-operatively] where 48 [78.69%] scored >/= 4 [group IIa] and 13 [21.31%] scored <4 [group IIb. Severe anxiety and depressive symptomes were the most common presentation after the operation and represented 8 [40%] and 8 [53.3%], of patients of group I, respectively. In patient, of group II [without psychiatric morbidity] after hysterectomy, depressive and anxiety symptoms was the most common presentation in nulliparous women and was found in 7 [63.64%] and 3 [27.27%], respectively. However, the least depressive and anxiety symptoms was observed in women with parity >/= 5 and was found in 12 [38.7%] and 9 [29.03%], respectively. It is not worthy that the majority of women free from psychiatric co-morbidity was observed in women with parity >/= 5 and represented 10 [32.5%] of patients. It was clear that there was a definite significant relation between hysterectomized women and psychiatric morbidity of a depressive and anxiety nature. So we recommend that before hysterectomy in benign conditions, gynecologists should exhaust great effort of using the available recent less invasive modalities of treatment as first option

Modification of lymphocyte DNA damage by antioxidant supplementation in LPS-treated rats

Oxidative stress and DNA damage have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as chronic inflammation and sepsis. Oxidative DNA damage is an inevitable consequence of cellular metabolism, with a propensity for increased levels following toxic insult. Antioxidants could be a part of a protective strategy to minimize oxidative damage in such cases. The major goal of this study was to examine the ability of two antioxidants namely, alpha lipoic acid [ALA] and Antox [drug preparation] to protect brain from oxidative stress and modify lymphocyte DNA damage induced by lipopolysaccharid [LPS, endotoxin] Randomized seventy-five healthy adult male rats weighing 150-170 g were instructed to our experimental design. Lymphocyte DNA damage was measured using a single-cell gel electrophoresis [comet] assay. LPS injection resulted in a significant alteration on brain oxidative status observed as elevation in the level of malondialdehyde [MDA, index of lipid peroxidation], nitric oxide [NO] and reduction of reduced glutathione [GSH]. Also, the activities of antioxidant defense system, superoxide dismutase [SOD] and cataiase [CAT] were decreased significantly in rats' brain. Moreover, increase in the percentage damage of lymphocyte DNA concentration accompanied with higher tail length was observed following LPS administration. Antioxidants supplementation ameliorated brain oxidative stress by reducing levels of MDA and NO, restoring normal GSH content and normalizing the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT. As well as the treated doses lowering the percentage of lymphocyte DNA damage and decreased tail length. In conclusion, antioxidants supplementation by ALA and Antox decreased brain oxidative stress markers and attenuated DNA damage

Possible beneficial effect of trimetazidine on experimentally-induced peptic ulcer in rats

Background: Peptic ulcers mainly are etiologically related to infection' with Helicobacter pylori or use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]. The cytoprotective role of antioxidants in the prevention and healing of gastric lesions has been widely investigated. Trimetazidine [TMZ], a metabolic agent with a cytoprotective properties through many actions. The aim of this work is to investigate the beneficial effect of trimetazidine in preventing indomethacin-induced gastric damage and compare it with traditionally used lansoprazol regarding its role in controlling oxidative damage

Methods: The present study was done on 40 rats. They were divided into 2 main groups. Group I: 10 rats as control group, received distilled water. Group II: consists of 30 animals; subdivided into 3 equal subgroups as the following: Subgroup II A: Indomethacin-induced ulceration group. Rats were treated with indomethacin in a single of 45mg/kg intragastrically. Subgroup II B: Rats were treated with lansoprazole in a dose of 4mg/kg for 7 days before induction of ulceration by indomethacin. Subgroup II C: Rats were treated with trimetazidine in a dose of 20mg/ kg for 7 days before induction of ulceration by indomethacin. Blood and stomach were obtained for biochemical analysis and macroscopic examination respectively

Results: Indomethacin-treated rats showed a significant increase in MDA and a significant decrease in GSH and SOD. Tnimetazidine and lansoprazole restored tissue GSH and SOD with a fall in tissues TBARS. Also, both drugs decreased macroscopic gross lesion score of gastric mucosa

Conclusion: The present work demonstrated that tnimetazidine has a protective effect in preventing indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer. It is as effective as lansoprazole, however, it is safe without side effects

hepato protective effect of pioglitazone ischemic reperfusion injury

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion [I/R] injury is the main cause of hepatic damage and is inevitable after hepatic surgery, liver transplantation, shock, trauma. Despite the recent improvements in liver preservation and surgical techniques, hepatic I/R injury remains an important clinical complication. To control this complicated physiological as well as pathological process, further studies are required to find out the key pathway and a novel therapeutic approach. PPAR gamma may be a protective regulator against ischemic damage. The aim of this study is to study the effect of pioglitazone on hepatic ischemic-reperfusion injury and compare its effect with ischemic preconditioning

Method: The present study was done on 40 rats. They were randomly subdivided into 4 equal groups [10 rats each]: Group I: Consisted of 10 rats considered as sham- operated group. Group II: Consisted of 10 rats served as ischemia-reperfusion group 90 minutes of ischemia followed by 6 hours of reperfusion. Group III: Consisted of 10 rats; As group 2 but with previous preconditioning induced by 10 minutes of ischemia followed by 15 minutes of reperfusion. This preconditioning period has been demonstrated to be the most effective against the hepatic injury in the same experimental model shown in the present study. Group IV: Consisted of 10 rats; As group 2 but with previous administration of Pioglitazone for 7 days before ischemia. Mice were sacrificed at 6 h after reperfusion, and then blood and liver samples were collected for analysis

Results: Ischemia-reperfusion produced a significant increase in SGPT and MDA levels. It also prodced, a significant decrease in GSH and SOD levels. Preconditioning and pioglitazone produced a significant decrease in SGPT and MDA. It also prodced, a significant increase in GSH and SOD levels

Conclusion: The therapeutic effects of PPAR-gamma ligands reach far beyond their use as insulin sensitizers. PPAR-gamma has been implicated as a regulator of cellular inflammatory and ischemic responses

Prognostic value of cardiac troponin T [CTnT] elevation in chronic renal failure patients on haemodialysis

Increased plasma treponin T [CTnT] is frequently observed in end-stage renal failure patients. patients with end-stage renal disease have a high risk of premature death, mainly as a result of cardiovascular disease [CVD], which is not sufficiently explained. The objective of this study was to study the extent and pattern of increased cardiac treponin T [CTnT] in end stage renal failure patients on regular hemodialysis and to evaluate the usefulness and the prognostic value of CTnT as a predictor of subsequent cardiac events in those patients. This study was carried on [80] patients on regular hemodialysis [50] of them have no evidence of ischemic heart disease and [30] proved to have cardiac diseases, patients were followed up for 6 months and one year for any cardiac events. a] There is no correlation between CTnT level and blood urea, serum creatinine and blood sugar. b] CTnT levels are higher in ischemic group [mean level 0.11 microg/L] than in non ischemic group [mean level 0.08 microg/L]. c] More cardiac complications were observed in the cardiac group versus non cardiac patients. These complications were associated with higher levels of CTnT, in the cardiac group during the period of follow up 6 patients [20%] died, 3 [10%] suffer frequent anginal attacks, 4 [13.3%] suffer heart failure and 3 [10%] suffer myocardial infarction. In the non cardiac group during the period of follow up 9 patients [18%] died, 7 [14%] patients show ischemic changes in E-C-G follow up, 8 [l6%]suffer heart failure and 1 [2%] patients suffer myocardial infarction. Increased plasma cardiac treponin T [CTnT] is frequently observed in end stage renal disease patients without acute coronary disease. Increased [CTnT] appears to predict cardiac complications and predicts long and short term all cause mortality in hemodialysis patients. The CTnT predicts death and cardiovascular outcomes in clinically stable patients with end-stage renal disease. Because this protein is synthesized exclusively in myocardial cells, its predictive power for these outcomes may be because it reflects, besides cardiac ischemia, left ventricular [LV] mass, which is a strong predictor of cardiovascular death in this population per se

Articaine versus bupivacaine/lidocaine for sub-tenon's anaesthesia in cataract surgery: a comparative study

The efficacy and safety of articaine 2% were compared with a mixture of lidocaine 2% and bupivacaine 0.5% in sub- Tenon's anaesthesia for cataract extraction. The study included 40 patients randomly allocated to one of the two groups. Sub-Tenon's anaesthesia using articaine 2% resulted in a more rapid onset of motor block in comparison with bupivacaine lidocaine mixture [p = 0.03 1]. Mean time to readiness for surgery was also lower [p = 0.0076]. We concluded that articaine 2% is a suitable alternative to the traditional mixture of bupivacaine 0.5%/lidocaine 2%. It has a more rapid onset of action and a wider distribution within the orbital muscle cone. It has a very low systemic toxicity and does not require the addition of epinephrine

Effect of food intake on lipid pattern of young adults in Beheira governorate

This study was conducted in Beheira governorate during 1999. Three districts were chosen [Rashied Delengat and Damanhour] on the assumption that their populations differ in their food habits. The study included 197 males and 169 females from both rural and urban areas in each district. The mean age of the males was 21.3 years and for females was 20.2 years. Fasting blood sample for plasma was collected from each subject to study the effect of food consumption on plasma lipid pattern as a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Total cholesterol, HDL-C, IDI-C and triglycerides were determined for each subject and their food intake was recorded. The results indicated that prevalence rates for hypercholesterolemia were 12.9%, 12.7% and 4.2% in males and 18%, 17.5% and 15.6% in females in rashied, damanhour and delegate, respectively. On the other hand, hypertriglyceridemia was recorded in 16%, 27% and 19.4% of males in Rashid, Damanhur and Delengat, respectively compared with 23% 24.6% and 31.4% in females, respectively. The study recommended that nutrition education is needed for touth and young adults and the encourarge practice of sports in the both urban and rural areas. Further studies should be conducted in other governorates to identify the prevalence of risk factors for atherosclerosis among youth

role of chlorhexidine hydrochloride [CHX-HCl] in controlling proteus infection in chicken eggs

The disinfecting effect of chlorohexidine hydrochloride [CHX-HCI] on proteus mirabilis experimentally infect embryonating chicken eggs was investigated. The results revealed that, this compound could be used safely for controlling bacterial contamination and shell penetration of pathogenic bacteria [proteus mirabilis] inside the eggs, in addition, the hatchability of experimentally proteus mirabilis infected eggs was improved on treatment with such compound

Therapeutic effect of ivomec on some parasites of sheep

The efficacy of ivomec [Merck Sharp and Dohme B.V.] in treatment of gastrointestinal nematode and manage infection in sheep was studied. The drug showed high efficacy in treatment of nematode and mange infection. The duration of drug protection was also studied by detection of eggs in feces and by determination of antibody titer in serum

study on the effect of the sulphone group on imides

While n-substituted phthalimides can't undergo Perkin condensation, N-[P-tolylsulphonyl] phthalimide [Ib] react with P-nitrophenylacetic acid to give the benzal derivative [II] and with other active methylene compounds to give the anilide derivatives [IV]. With Grignard reagents [Ib] follow in some cases the normal lines as N-substituted phthalimides to give [X] and [XI]. While in other cases [Ib] gave abnormal products as [XII] and [XIII], With P,S[5] [one mole] [Ib] gives the expected monothione [Ic] which with amines gives N-substituted phthalimides [XIV]